Table 1.

Summary of literature on geographical research on social enterprises

Geographical analytical levelRelevant findingsExamples of articles
MicroSocial enterprises and spaces of well-beingMunoz et al. (2015); Farmer et al. (2020) 
Local
UrbanAgglomeration in cities enables greater demand and better access to institutional support, funding, knowledge and networks for social enterprises
Characteristics of place influence in incentives and opportunities for social enterprises
Pinch and Sunley (2016); Mazzei (2017) 
RuralSocial enterprises as embedded intermediaries between their localities and supra-regional networks
Social enterprises harness and (re)valorise untapped local resources and complement these with extra-local resources for integrated development of localities
Rural areas are a fertile ground for social enterprises due to some characteristics associated to rurality
Richter (2019); Steiner and Steinerowska-Streb (2012); Steiner and Teasdale (2019); Olmedo et al. (2023) 
Urban–ruralRural social enterprises more attached to geographical needs and community networks; urban social enterprises more focus on social needs and welfare objectivesSmith and McColl (2016); Barraket et al. (2019) 
RegionalLow interregional variations (UK) in distribution of social enterprises, except for capital
Emergence of social enterprises related to regions experiencing government or market failure
Buckingham et al. (2011); Woo and Jung (2023) 
NationalGeographical location of Fiji influence in shaping social enterprisesDouglas et al. (2018) 
Source: Authors’ own creation

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