Sample results of simulation for different standardisation methods
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | … | 9,996 | 9,997 | 9,998 | 9,999 | 10,000 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case 1 | st_1 | 0.6 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.61 | … | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.76 |
| st_2 | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.53 | 0.67 | … | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.68 | |
| st_3 | 0.8 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.56 | 0.7 | … | 0.74 | 0.7 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.69 | |
| ev | 0.73 | 0.81 | 0.8 | 0.54 | 0.66 | … | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.71 | |
| me_r1 | −0.13 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.05 | … | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.05 | |
| me_r2 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.01 | … | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0 | −0.03 | |
| me_r3 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | … | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | |
| mae_r1 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.05 | … | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | |
| mae_r2 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | … | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.03 | |
| mae_r3 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | … | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| mpe_r1 | −22.25 | −10.93 | −10.72 | −2.68 | −8.85 | … | 4.72 | 6.12 | −2.33 | −3.18 | 6.04 | |
| mpe_r2 | 7.75 | 4.18 | 4.08 | −0.95 | 2 | … | −3.68 | −4.53 | −1.7 | −0.36 | −4.47 | |
| mpe_r3 | 8.93 | 5.2 | 5.15 | 3.43 | 5.74 | … | −1.43 | −2.24 | 3.8 | 3.33 | −2.2 | |
| mape_r1 | 22.25 | 10.93 | 10.72 | 2.68 | 8.85 | … | 4.72 | 6.12 | 2.33 | 3.18 | 6.04 | |
| mape_r2 | 7.75 | 4.18 | 4.08 | 0.95 | 2 | … | 3.68 | 4.53 | 1.7 | 0.36 | 4.47 | |
| mape_r3 | 8.93 | 5.2 | 5.15 | 3.43 | 5.74 | … | 1.43 | 2.24 | 3.8 | 3.33 | 2.2 | |
| mse_r1 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r3 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| rmse_r1 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.05 | … | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | |
| rmse_r2 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | … | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.03 | |
| rmse_r3 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | … | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| Case 2 | st_1 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.93 | 0.85 | … | 0.94 | 0.52 | 0.87 | 0.51 | 0.81 |
| st_2 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.9 | 0.79 | … | 0.92 | 0.53 | 0.83 | 0.52 | 0.74 | |
| st_3 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.96 | 0.81 | … | 0.94 | 0.55 | 0.95 | 0.54 | 0.76 | |
| ev | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.93 | 0.82 | … | 0.94 | 0.54 | 0.89 | 0.52 | 0.77 | |
| me_r1 | −0.01 | 0 | 0 | −0.01 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.04 | |
| me_r2 | 0 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.03 | … | −0.01 | 0 | −0.06 | 0 | −0.03 | |
| me_r3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.01 | … | 0 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | −0.01 | |
| mae_r1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
| mae_r2 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.03 | |
| mae_r3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | … | 0 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| mpe_r1 | −2.75 | −0.45 | −0.67 | −0.55 | 3.83 | … | 0.72 | −2.55 | −1.39 | −2.96 | 4.71 | |
| mpe_r2 | −0.11 | −2.66 | −2.5 | −3.1 | −3.48 | … | −1.25 | −0.27 | −6.63 | 0.32 | −4.06 | |
| mpe_r3 | 2.72 | 2.95 | 3.01 | 3.43 | −0.62 | … | 0.51 | 2.68 | 7.06 | 2.49 | −1.04 | |
| mape_r1 | 2.75 | 0.45 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 3.83 | … | 0.72 | 2.55 | 1.39 | 2.96 | 4.71 | |
| mape_r2 | 0.11 | 2.66 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.48 | … | 1.25 | 0.27 | 6.63 | 0.32 | 4.06 | |
| mape_r3 | 2.72 | 2.95 | 3.01 | 3.43 | 0.62 | … | 0.51 | 2.68 | 7.06 | 2.49 | 1.04 | |
| mse_r1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| rmse_r1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
| rmse_r2 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.03 | |
| rmse_r3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | … | 0 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Case 3 | st_1 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.53 | … | 0.57 | 0.5 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.6 |
| st_2 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.73 | 0.54 | 0.66 | … | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.58 | |
| st_3 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.68 | … | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.62 | |
| ev | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.63 | … | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.6 | |
| me_r1 | 0 | 0 | −0.05 | −0.01 | −0.09 | … | 0 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| me_r2 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.04 | … | −0.02 | 0 | 0 | −0.02 | −0.02 | |
| me_r3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.06 | … | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| mae_r1 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.09 | … | 0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| mae_r2 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | … | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| mae_r3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.06 | … | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| mpe_r1 | −0.12 | −0.18 | −8.44 | −2.09 | −17.86 | … | 0.75 | −4.03 | −5.07 | 1.16 | 0.11 | |
| mpe_r2 | −1.85 | −1.97 | 7.2 | −1.96 | 5.84 | … | −3.79 | 0.54 | −0.53 | −2.79 | −3.7 | |
| mpe_r3 | 1.9 | 2.07 | 0.02 | 3.81 | 8.21 | … | 2.81 | 3.22 | 5.08 | 1.52 | 3.35 | |
| mape_r1 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 8.44 | 2.09 | 17.86 | … | 0.75 | 4.03 | 5.07 | 1.16 | 0.11 | |
| mape_r2 | 1.85 | 1.97 | 7.2 | 1.96 | 5.84 | … | 3.79 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 2.79 | 3.7 | |
| mape_r3 | 1.28 | 1.32 | 0.02 | 3.94 | 8 | … | 2.21 | 2.5 | 5.06 | 1.71 | 2.98 | |
| mse_r1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| rmse_r1 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.09 | … | 0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| rmse_r2 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | … | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| rmse_r3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.06 | … | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | … | 9,996 | 9,997 | 9,998 | 9,999 | 10,000 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case 1 | st_1 | 0.6 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.61 | … | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.76 |
| st_2 | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.53 | 0.67 | … | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.68 | |
| st_3 | 0.8 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.56 | 0.7 | … | 0.74 | 0.7 | 0.58 | 0.55 | 0.69 | |
| ev | 0.73 | 0.81 | 0.8 | 0.54 | 0.66 | … | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.71 | |
| me_r1 | −0.13 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.05 | … | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.05 | |
| me_r2 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.01 | … | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0 | −0.03 | |
| me_r3 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | … | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.02 | |
| mae_r1 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.05 | … | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | |
| mae_r2 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | … | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.03 | |
| mae_r3 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | … | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| mpe_r1 | −22.25 | −10.93 | −10.72 | −2.68 | −8.85 | … | 4.72 | 6.12 | −2.33 | −3.18 | 6.04 | |
| mpe_r2 | 7.75 | 4.18 | 4.08 | −0.95 | 2 | … | −3.68 | −4.53 | −1.7 | −0.36 | −4.47 | |
| mpe_r3 | 8.93 | 5.2 | 5.15 | 3.43 | 5.74 | … | −1.43 | −2.24 | 3.8 | 3.33 | −2.2 | |
| mape_r1 | 22.25 | 10.93 | 10.72 | 2.68 | 8.85 | … | 4.72 | 6.12 | 2.33 | 3.18 | 6.04 | |
| mape_r2 | 7.75 | 4.18 | 4.08 | 0.95 | 2 | … | 3.68 | 4.53 | 1.7 | 0.36 | 4.47 | |
| mape_r3 | 8.93 | 5.2 | 5.15 | 3.43 | 5.74 | … | 1.43 | 2.24 | 3.8 | 3.33 | 2.2 | |
| mse_r1 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r3 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| rmse_r1 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.05 | … | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 | |
| rmse_r2 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | … | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.03 | |
| rmse_r3 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | … | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| Case 2 | st_1 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.93 | 0.85 | … | 0.94 | 0.52 | 0.87 | 0.51 | 0.81 |
| st_2 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.9 | 0.79 | … | 0.92 | 0.53 | 0.83 | 0.52 | 0.74 | |
| st_3 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.96 | 0.81 | … | 0.94 | 0.55 | 0.95 | 0.54 | 0.76 | |
| ev | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.93 | 0.82 | … | 0.94 | 0.54 | 0.89 | 0.52 | 0.77 | |
| me_r1 | −0.01 | 0 | 0 | −0.01 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.04 | |
| me_r2 | 0 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.03 | … | −0.01 | 0 | −0.06 | 0 | −0.03 | |
| me_r3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.01 | … | 0 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | −0.01 | |
| mae_r1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
| mae_r2 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.03 | |
| mae_r3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | … | 0 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| mpe_r1 | −2.75 | −0.45 | −0.67 | −0.55 | 3.83 | … | 0.72 | −2.55 | −1.39 | −2.96 | 4.71 | |
| mpe_r2 | −0.11 | −2.66 | −2.5 | −3.1 | −3.48 | … | −1.25 | −0.27 | −6.63 | 0.32 | −4.06 | |
| mpe_r3 | 2.72 | 2.95 | 3.01 | 3.43 | −0.62 | … | 0.51 | 2.68 | 7.06 | 2.49 | −1.04 | |
| mape_r1 | 2.75 | 0.45 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 3.83 | … | 0.72 | 2.55 | 1.39 | 2.96 | 4.71 | |
| mape_r2 | 0.11 | 2.66 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.48 | … | 1.25 | 0.27 | 6.63 | 0.32 | 4.06 | |
| mape_r3 | 2.72 | 2.95 | 3.01 | 3.43 | 0.62 | … | 0.51 | 2.68 | 7.06 | 2.49 | 1.04 | |
| mse_r1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| rmse_r1 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |
| rmse_r2 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | … | 0.01 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.03 | |
| rmse_r3 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | … | 0 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Case 3 | st_1 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.53 | … | 0.57 | 0.5 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.6 |
| st_2 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.73 | 0.54 | 0.66 | … | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.58 | |
| st_3 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.68 | … | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.62 | |
| ev | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.63 | … | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.6 | |
| me_r1 | 0 | 0 | −0.05 | −0.01 | −0.09 | … | 0 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| me_r2 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.04 | … | −0.02 | 0 | 0 | −0.02 | −0.02 | |
| me_r3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.06 | … | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| mae_r1 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.09 | … | 0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| mae_r2 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | … | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| mae_r3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.06 | … | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
| mpe_r1 | −0.12 | −0.18 | −8.44 | −2.09 | −17.86 | … | 0.75 | −4.03 | −5.07 | 1.16 | 0.11 | |
| mpe_r2 | −1.85 | −1.97 | 7.2 | −1.96 | 5.84 | … | −3.79 | 0.54 | −0.53 | −2.79 | −3.7 | |
| mpe_r3 | 1.9 | 2.07 | 0.02 | 3.81 | 8.21 | … | 2.81 | 3.22 | 5.08 | 1.52 | 3.35 | |
| mape_r1 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 8.44 | 2.09 | 17.86 | … | 0.75 | 4.03 | 5.07 | 1.16 | 0.11 | |
| mape_r2 | 1.85 | 1.97 | 7.2 | 1.96 | 5.84 | … | 3.79 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 2.79 | 3.7 | |
| mape_r3 | 1.28 | 1.32 | 0.02 | 3.94 | 8 | … | 2.21 | 2.5 | 5.06 | 1.71 | 2.98 | |
| mse_r1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| mse_r3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| rmse_r1 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.09 | … | 0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0 | |
| rmse_r2 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | … | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
| rmse_r3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | 0.06 | … | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Note(s): Where
ev – expected value
Source(s): Own elaboration
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