Most participants had a negative view of the culture and societal norms. Several of the participants qualified their statements. For example, some participants indicated that individuals go into self-employment to survive. For example, a participant refers to the choice as “needs pressure” (P9, Business Owner)

Another participant explains that there are low efforts to elevate the status of entrepreneurship. For example, a participant states “…but we haven’t had that culture of celebration and having role models” (P13, Government: Municipality)

Another participant explains that the entrepreneurs are opportunists and have a mindset of entitlement. For example, a participant states: “The SMMEs are opportunists and have a sense of entitlement” (P12, Government: Municipality)

Confirmation: there tends to be a social legitimacy of entrepreneurship in that the community supports local businesses. Similarly, local businesses support each other. This is supported by institutional theory

Discordance: resource-constraint version of disadvantaged theory is used to structure the analysis for discordance