Table 3

Relationship between FDI inflows, governance quality and CO2

GMM model
Carbon emissions per capita (t−1)0.541* (0.000)
Urban population0.573** (0.013)
Exportation (% of GDP)0.012 (0.879)
Gross domestic product per capita (annual growth)0.152** (0.013)
Domestic private credit−0.039 (0.763)
Foreign direct investment inflows (% of GDP)−0.683* (0.000)
Government effectiveness−0.680 (0.888)
Foreign direct investment*Government effectiveness−0.653* (0.000)
Constant−6.621 (0.430)
AR (1)−2.1699** (0.0300)
AR (2)−0.61079 (0.5413)
Sargan test66.99783 (0.1102)

Note(s): AR (1) and AR (2) are the first- and the second-order autocorrelation of residuals. *, ** and *** show, respectively, the significance at 1, 5 and 10% level. Sargan test is the over-identifying restrictions test

Source(s): Authors

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