Table 1 DKFE estimates of the effect of...

Table 1

DKFE estimates of the effect of institutions and ICT penetration on gender inclusion

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8	Model 9
	Dependent variable
	Women business and law index			Women in parliament			Female labour force participation
Institutions	9.137***	7.814***	10.36***	3.223**	3.043**	3.983***	5.924***	5.661***	6.878***
Institutions	(2.435)	(2.449)	(2.653)	(1.526)	(1.498)	(1.497)	(1.780)	(1.928)	(1.928)
Findev	0.0186	0.0696**	0.0601**	0.00447	0.0359	0.0220	0.0333	0.0420	0.0510*
Findev	(0.0251)	(0.0289)	(0.0277)	(0.0288)	(0.0275)	(0.0267)	(0.0273)	(0.0303)	(0.0307)
FDI	−0.0218	−0.0213	−0.0163	−0.0533***	−0.0491***	−0.0494***	−0.0311	−0.0251	−0.0190
FDI	(0.0141)	(0.0166)	(0.0136)	(0.0159)	(0.0187)	(0.0182)	(0.0299)	(0.0358)	(0.0324)
GDP (log)	−4.325***	−1.940	−2.608	−2.538*	−0.0955	−1.616	−7.019***	−8.008***	−7.091***
GDP (log)	(1.631)	(1.916)	(1.739)	(1.421)	(1.234)	(1.276)	(1.368)	(1.484)	(1.386)
Internet	0.731***			0.406***			0.306***
Internet	(0.101)			(0.0611)			(0.0759)
Telephone		0.248**			0.00905			0.200**
Telephone		(0.107)			(0.0664)			(0.0838)
Mobile			0.115***			0.0749***			0.0200*
Mobile			(0.0115)			(0.0110)			(0.0118)
Constant	101.6***	77.30***	79.86***	37.26***	16.57	24.92**	107.7***	114.5***	108.3***
Constant	(13.19)	(14.45)	(13.85)	(12.02)	(10.09)	(10.48)	(11.27)	(11.72)	(11.22)
Observations	2,142	2,813	2,821	2,085	2,595	2,603	2,142	2,813	2,821
R-squared	0.417	0.348	0.394	0.177	0.121	0.189	0.141	0.153	0.141
Fisher	50.08***	39.08***	49.72***	18.87***	6.014***	26.85***	8.254***	6.727***	5.691***

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8	Model 9
	Dependent variable
	Women business and law index			Women in parliament			Female labour force participation
Institutions	9.137***	7.814***	10.36***	3.223**	3.043**	3.983***	5.924***	5.661***	6.878***
Institutions	(2.435)	(2.449)	(2.653)	(1.526)	(1.498)	(1.497)	(1.780)	(1.928)	(1.928)
Findev	0.0186	0.0696**	0.0601**	0.00447	0.0359	0.0220	0.0333	0.0420	0.0510*
Findev	(0.0251)	(0.0289)	(0.0277)	(0.0288)	(0.0275)	(0.0267)	(0.0273)	(0.0303)	(0.0307)
FDI	−0.0218	−0.0213	−0.0163	−0.0533***	−0.0491***	−0.0494***	−0.0311	−0.0251	−0.0190
FDI	(0.0141)	(0.0166)	(0.0136)	(0.0159)	(0.0187)	(0.0182)	(0.0299)	(0.0358)	(0.0324)
GDP (log)	−4.325***	−1.940	−2.608	−2.538*	−0.0955	−1.616	−7.019***	−8.008***	−7.091***
GDP (log)	(1.631)	(1.916)	(1.739)	(1.421)	(1.234)	(1.276)	(1.368)	(1.484)	(1.386)
Internet	0.731***			0.406***			0.306***
Internet	(0.101)			(0.0611)			(0.0759)
Telephone		0.248**			0.00905			0.200**
Telephone		(0.107)			(0.0664)			(0.0838)
Mobile			0.115***			0.0749***			0.0200*
Mobile			(0.0115)			(0.0110)			(0.0118)
Constant	101.6***	77.30***	79.86***	37.26***	16.57	24.92**	107.7***	114.5***	108.3***
Constant	(13.19)	(14.45)	(13.85)	(12.02)	(10.09)	(10.48)	(11.27)	(11.72)	(11.22)
Observations	2,142	2,813	2,821	2,085	2,595	2,603	2,142	2,813	2,821
R-squared	0.417	0.348	0.394	0.177	0.121	0.189	0.141	0.153	0.141
Fisher	50.08***	39.08***	49.72***	18.87***	6.014***	26.85***	8.254***	6.727***	5.691***

Note(s): Findev, financial development; FDI, foreign direct investment inflows; DKFE, Driscoll-Kraay Fixed Effects; GDP, gross domestic product per capita; log, natural logarithm; Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Source(s): Computed by authors

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