Table 2 System GMM estimates of the...

Table 2

System GMM estimates of the effect of institutions and ICT penetration on gender inclusion

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8	Model 9
	Dependent variable
	Women business and law index			Women in parliament			Female labour force participation
Institutions	10.18***	11.35***	14.71***	7.889***	11.80***	7.574***	9.615***	12.21***	13.34***
Institutions	(0.542)	(0.238)	(0.184)	(0.440)	(0.316)	(0.483)	(0.299)	(0.377)	(0.189)
Findev	0.0500***	0.0175***	0.0759***	0.0480***	−0.0529***	0.0428***	0.0310***	0.0393***	0.0498***
Findev	(0.00506)	(0.00170)	(0.00217)	(0.00453)	(0.00757)	(0.00565)	(0.00251)	(0.00814)	(0.00934)
FDI	−0.224***	−0.0314***	−0.0217***	−0.207***	−0.168***	−0.269***	−0.0432***	0.533***	0.533***
FDI	(0.0135)	(0.00264)	(0.00263)	(0.0146)	(0.0214)	(0.0148)	(0.00414)	(0.0384)	(0.0202)
GDP (log)	−3.601***	−5.106***	−6.007***	−7.801***	−7.732***	−1.616***	−11.37***	−7.986***	−6.772***
GDP (log)	(0.334)	(0.128)	(0.0583)	(0.208)	(0.385)	(0.292)	(0.126)	(0.447)	(0.205)
Internet	0.672***			0.836***			0.520***
Internet	(0.0394)			(0.0158)			(0.0133)
Telephone		0.412***			0.590***			0.205***
Telephone		(0.00626)			(0.0311)			(0.0559)
Mobile			0.104***			0.0258*			0.0154***
Mobile			(0.00187)			(0.0129)			(0.00203)
Constant	98.97***	103.0***	110.1***	78.62***	77.48***	32.72***	149.4***	107.4***	94.15***
Constant	(2.701)	(0.954)	(0.464)	(1.743)	(2.596)	(1.745)	(1.146)	(3.949)	(2.197)
Observations	2,106	2,770	2,285	2,018	2,459	2,467	1,695	2,311	2,323
Instruments	25	31	25	25	25	25	25	31	25
AR(1)_prob	0.000119	1.13e-05	1.70e-05	0.000297	2.74e-05	5.58e-05	8.45e-05	4.89e-05	3.18e-05
AR(2)_prob	0.762	0.447	0.244	0.652	0.115	0.319	0.210	0.190	0.104
Hansen_prob	0.315	0.470	0.156	0.309	0.200	0.197	0.316	0.474	0.168
Fisher	5.172e+06***	248,122***	2.092e+06***	9,507***	5,885***	10,507***	920,730***	393,729***	2.570e+07***

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8	Model 9
	Dependent variable
	Women business and law index			Women in parliament			Female labour force participation
Institutions	10.18***	11.35***	14.71***	7.889***	11.80***	7.574***	9.615***	12.21***	13.34***
Institutions	(0.542)	(0.238)	(0.184)	(0.440)	(0.316)	(0.483)	(0.299)	(0.377)	(0.189)
Findev	0.0500***	0.0175***	0.0759***	0.0480***	−0.0529***	0.0428***	0.0310***	0.0393***	0.0498***
Findev	(0.00506)	(0.00170)	(0.00217)	(0.00453)	(0.00757)	(0.00565)	(0.00251)	(0.00814)	(0.00934)
FDI	−0.224***	−0.0314***	−0.0217***	−0.207***	−0.168***	−0.269***	−0.0432***	0.533***	0.533***
FDI	(0.0135)	(0.00264)	(0.00263)	(0.0146)	(0.0214)	(0.0148)	(0.00414)	(0.0384)	(0.0202)
GDP (log)	−3.601***	−5.106***	−6.007***	−7.801***	−7.732***	−1.616***	−11.37***	−7.986***	−6.772***
GDP (log)	(0.334)	(0.128)	(0.0583)	(0.208)	(0.385)	(0.292)	(0.126)	(0.447)	(0.205)
Internet	0.672***			0.836***			0.520***
Internet	(0.0394)			(0.0158)			(0.0133)
Telephone		0.412***			0.590***			0.205***
Telephone		(0.00626)			(0.0311)			(0.0559)
Mobile			0.104***			0.0258*			0.0154***
Mobile			(0.00187)			(0.0129)			(0.00203)
Constant	98.97***	103.0***	110.1***	78.62***	77.48***	32.72***	149.4***	107.4***	94.15***
Constant	(2.701)	(0.954)	(0.464)	(1.743)	(2.596)	(1.745)	(1.146)	(3.949)	(2.197)
Observations	2,106	2,770	2,285	2,018	2,459	2,467	1,695	2,311	2,323
Instruments	25	31	25	25	25	25	25	31	25
AR(1)_prob	0.000119	1.13e-05	1.70e-05	0.000297	2.74e-05	5.58e-05	8.45e-05	4.89e-05	3.18e-05
AR(2)_prob	0.762	0.447	0.244	0.652	0.115	0.319	0.210	0.190	0.104
Hansen_prob	0.315	0.470	0.156	0.309	0.200	0.197	0.316	0.474	0.168
Fisher	5.172e+06***	248,122***	2.092e+06***	9,507***	5,885***	10,507***	920,730***	393,729***	2.570e+07***

Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses; GMM, Generalised Method of Moments; Lagged values of the explained variables are used in the system GMM estimations; ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

Source(s): Computed by authors

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