Table 2

List of studies included under findings

Author (year of publication)ThemeCountry of studyFocus
1Mountford-Zimdars et al. (2015) Unconscious biasUKexamined the influence of unconscious bias on degree attainment for students with disabilities in higher education
2Miller (2016) UKUnconscious bias can influence how staff members assess and provide feedback to students, resulting in certain groups receiving more critical or harsher feedback than others
3Tate and Page (2018) UKChallenge the notion that bias is solely unconscious, arguing that it is (un)conscious and intertwined with Charles Mills' concept of the “Racial Contract” and its associated “epistemologies of ignorance.”
4Mahmud and Gagnon (2023) UKRacial disparities in student outcomes in British higher education. Examine mindsets and bias
5Wong et al. (2021) Limited opportunities for engagement with academic staffUKWhen students feel connected to their institution and have a sense of belonging, they are more likely to persist and complete their degrees
6Thomas (2012) UKhighlights the importance of student engagement and belonging for student success and degree completion
7Stevenson (2012) Views of future possible selvesUKminority ethnic students were less likely than their white peers to have a clear vision of their future possible selves and concluded this can impact their degree attainment
8Keyser (2016) UKself-regulated learning (SRL) and future-oriented focus can significantly influence academic performance
9Ferguson (2019) CanadaStudents' academic achievement is influenced by their expectancy-value and motivational beliefs
10Jones et al. (2015) Institutional racismUSstudents of colour are more likely to attend under-resourced schools, which may have fewer opportunities for academic and social support
11Mckown and Weinstein (2008) USencounter biased academic and disciplinary policies and practices, which may hinder their academic progress
12Strayhorn (2018) USBlack students face various forms of institutional racism, including negative stereotypes, bias, and discrimination in academic and social settings
13Warikoo and Carter (2009) USEthnicity, gender and academic preparation have significant effects on student retention
14Zewolde (2022) UKinvestigated the relationship between race and academic performance among Black African students in the UK’s higher education system
15Jang et al. (2010) Inadequate support systemUSinvestigated the effects of autonomy support and structure on student engagement in learning activities
16Perna (2006) Social and cultural capitalUScollege access and choice includes social capital as a key factor that influences students' decisions and outcomes in higher education
17Mishra (2020) GermanySocial capital, including parental involvement and support, peer networks, and community resources, are positively associated with academic achievement
18Sekhon (2015) UKFirst generation university students and the degree awarding gap
19Yeager et al. (2014) USexamine the role of purpose in fostering academic self-regulation among students
20Pascarella and Terenzini (2005) USSocial capital, including both familial and peer networks, has a positive impact on students' academic performance
21DiMaggio (1982) USexamines the relationship between cultural capital and academic success
22Reay et al. (2010) UKexperiences of working-class students in UK higher education
23Harris and Tienda (2010) USrole of high school counsellors in facilitating college access and degree attainment among African American and Latino students
24Stephens et al. (2012) USacademic performance of first-generation college students
25Strayhorn (2018) USCultural capital has also been shown to foster a sense of belonging among students from different socio-economic backgrounds which ultimately affects their attainment

Source(s): Table by author

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