Table 4 Various bacteria used for MICP... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Various bacteria used for MICP through the ureolytic pathway

Bacterial species	Calcium carbonate precipitation: g/l	Country of origin	Ammonia production: g/l	Time taken to precipitate: h	Saline condition (sodium chloride (NaCl) %)	Environmental requirements	Wide range of applications
S. pasteurii	14.8	Germany	9	24	Yes (up to 10%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Improves soil strength by 60%, used in concrete for crack healing (Bhaduri et al., 2016)
Bacillus megaterium	12.5	India	8.2	36	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Removes cadmium up to 90%, used in bioremediation of heavy metals (Bhaduri et al., 2016)
Bacillus sphaericus	11.3	Netherlands	7.5	48	Yes (up to 8%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Increases concrete compressive strength by 2 MPa (Velpuri et al., 2016)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	10.5	USA	7.2	30	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Used in biocementation for soil stabilisation (Feng and Montoya, 2016)
Escherichia coli	10	Germany	7	24	No	pH 6–8, 25–37°C	Enhances soil shear strength, used in bio-concrete (Mortensen et al., 2011)
Bacillus subtilis	9.8	Japan	6.8	36	Yes (up to 5%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in agriculture for improving soil health (Silva et al., 2015)
Bacillus cereus	9.5	USA	6.5	24	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Improves soil load-bearing capacity (Kim and Youn, 2016)
Proteus mirabilis	9.2	Germany	6.2	30	No	pH 6–8, 25–37°C	Enhances biocementation processes, useful in MICP (Mortensen et al., 2011)
Klebsiella pneumoniae	8.8	USA	6	48	Yes (up to 3%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in biocementation for soil improvement (Kirkland et al., 2017)
Helicobacter pylori	8.5	Japan	5.8	36	No	pH 6–8, 25–37°C	Enhances soil stabilisation processes (Sasaki and Kuwano, 2016)
Bacillus thuringiensis	8.3	India	5.6	48	Yes (up to 8%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in agriculture to improve crop yield (Wu et al., 2017)
Bacillus licheniformis	8	USA	5.4	30	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Used in detergents, enhances biocementation (Whitaker et al., 2018)
Bacillus pumilus	7.8	India	5.2	24	Yes (up to 4%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in soil improvement processes (Chittoori and Neupane, 2019)
Bacillus firmus	7.5	USA	5	36	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Enhances soil stabilisation (Sarda et al., 2009)
Bacillus mycoides	7.3	USA	4.8	48	Yes (up to 6%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (Whitaker et al., 2018)
Micrococcus luteus	7	Netherlands	4.5	30	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Used in biocementation for enhancing soil properties (Silva et al., 2015)

Bacterial species	Calcium carbonate precipitation: g/l	Country of origin	Ammonia production: g/l	Time taken to precipitate: h	Saline condition (sodium chloride (NaCl) %)	Environmental requirements	Wide range of applications
S. pasteurii	14.8	Germany	9	24	Yes (up to 10%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Improves soil strength by 60%, used in concrete for crack healing (Bhaduri et al., 2016)
Bacillus megaterium	12.5	India	8.2	36	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Removes cadmium up to 90%, used in bioremediation of heavy metals (Bhaduri et al., 2016)
Bacillus sphaericus	11.3	Netherlands	7.5	48	Yes (up to 8%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Increases concrete compressive strength by 2 MPa (Velpuri et al., 2016)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	10.5	USA	7.2	30	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Used in biocementation for soil stabilisation (Feng and Montoya, 2016)
Escherichia coli	10	Germany	7	24	No	pH 6–8, 25–37°C	Enhances soil shear strength, used in bio-concrete (Mortensen et al., 2011)
Bacillus subtilis	9.8	Japan	6.8	36	Yes (up to 5%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in agriculture for improving soil health (Silva et al., 2015)
Bacillus cereus	9.5	USA	6.5	24	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Improves soil load-bearing capacity (Kim and Youn, 2016)
Proteus mirabilis	9.2	Germany	6.2	30	No	pH 6–8, 25–37°C	Enhances biocementation processes, useful in MICP (Mortensen et al., 2011)
Klebsiella pneumoniae	8.8	USA	6	48	Yes (up to 3%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in biocementation for soil improvement (Kirkland et al., 2017)
Helicobacter pylori	8.5	Japan	5.8	36	No	pH 6–8, 25–37°C	Enhances soil stabilisation processes (Sasaki and Kuwano, 2016)
Bacillus thuringiensis	8.3	India	5.6	48	Yes (up to 8%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in agriculture to improve crop yield (Wu et al., 2017)
Bacillus licheniformis	8	USA	5.4	30	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Used in detergents, enhances biocementation (Whitaker et al., 2018)
Bacillus pumilus	7.8	India	5.2	24	Yes (up to 4%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in soil improvement processes (Chittoori and Neupane, 2019)
Bacillus firmus	7.5	USA	5	36	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Enhances soil stabilisation (Sarda et al., 2009)
Bacillus mycoides	7.3	USA	4.8	48	Yes (up to 6%)	pH 7–9, 30–37°C	Used in microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (Whitaker et al., 2018)
Micrococcus luteus	7	Netherlands	4.5	30	No	pH 6–8, 25–35°C	Used in biocementation for enhancing soil properties (Silva et al., 2015)