Effect of stress tests on bank tax planning
| Variable | All relevant banks | MSE optimal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linear | Quadratic | Linear | Quadratic | |
| Panel A: tax avoidance and tax aggressiveness measures | ||||
| Cash ETR | −0.188*** | −0.467*** | −0.660*** | −2.386*** |
| (0.047) | (0.056) | (0.036) | (0.183) | |
| [223] | [223] | [67] | [67] | |
| GAAP ETR | 0.034 | −0.078 | −0.670*** | −1.395*** |
| (0.052) | (0.085) | (0.090) | (0.189) | |
| [226] | [226] | [69] | [69] | |
| Tax aggressiveness index | −0.001 | 0.216** | 0.067 | 1.001*** |
| (0.063) | (0.092) | (0.059) | (0.166) | |
| [223] | [223] | [67] | [67] | |
| Panel B: tax avoidance and tax aggressiveness 3-yr M.A. | ||||
| 3yr Cash ETR | −0.169** | −0.238 | −0.033 | 0.110 |
| (0.085) | (0.145) | (0.084) | (0.176) | |
| [223] | [223] | [67] | [67] | |
| 3yr GAAP ETR | 0.068 | 0.055 | −0.577*** | −0.874*** |
| (0.076) | (0.099) | (0.057) | (0.085) | |
| [226] | [226] | [69] | [82] | |
| 3yr tax aggressiveness | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.491*** | 0.934*** |
| (0.058) | (0.084) | (0.052) | (0.075) | |
| [223] | [223] | [67] | [67] | |
| Controls | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Fixed-effects | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Variable | All relevant banks | MSE optimal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linear | Quadratic | Linear | Quadratic | |
| Cash ETR | −0.188*** | −0.467*** | −0.660*** | −2.386*** |
| (0.047) | (0.056) | (0.036) | (0.183) | |
| [223] | [223] | [67] | [67] | |
| GAAP ETR | 0.034 | −0.078 | −0.670*** | −1.395*** |
| (0.052) | (0.085) | (0.090) | (0.189) | |
| [226] | [226] | [69] | [69] | |
| Tax aggressiveness index | −0.001 | 0.216** | 0.067 | 1.001*** |
| (0.063) | (0.092) | (0.059) | (0.166) | |
| [223] | [223] | [67] | [67] | |
| 3yr Cash ETR | −0.169** | −0.238 | −0.033 | 0.110 |
| (0.085) | (0.145) | (0.084) | (0.176) | |
| [223] | [223] | [67] | [67] | |
| 3yr GAAP ETR | 0.068 | 0.055 | −0.577*** | −0.874*** |
| (0.076) | (0.099) | (0.057) | (0.085) | |
| [226] | [226] | [69] | [82] | |
| 3yr tax aggressiveness | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.491*** | 0.934*** |
| (0.058) | (0.084) | (0.052) | (0.075) | |
| [223] | [223] | [67] | [67] | |
| Controls | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Fixed-effects | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Note(s): This table reports the regression discontinuity coefficients for the tax planning variables of interest. The table reports both the local linear and quadratic regression discontinuity coefficients first by specifying a sub-sample of “All Relevant Banks,” which includes banks between $10B and $200B in total asset size, and second, by using the MSE optimal bandwidth measure. The table reports the results for the annual Cash and GAAP Effective Tax Rate and the TAIin Panel A. Panel B reports the 3-year Cash (GAAP) Effective Tax Rate and the 3-year TAI. A negative Cash and GAAP ETR indicates an increase in tax avoidance. Regressions are triangular kernel weighted and are allowed to capture more banks in a larger bandwidth in the first two columns and are restricted to having at least 65 observations within the selected optimal bandwidth in the last two columns. Control variables include the first 12 bank characteristics shown in Table 2. All regressions include bank and year-fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered at the bank level and are reported in parentheses while observation counts are reported in brackets. ***, ** and * indicate significance at the 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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