Table 2.

Cointegration and cross-sectional independence tests

Regions (s)Pedroni tests for cointegrationTests for cross-sectional independence
Newly democratic African countriesAugmented Dickey–Fuller t4.99Pr = 0.008Friedman’s test154.94Pr = 0.00
Modified Phillips–Perron t3.20Pr = 0.003Frees’ test2.95Pr = 0.00
Phillips Perron t4.65Pr = 0.040Pesaran’s test16.00Pr = 0.00
Newly democratic European countriesAugmented Dickey–Fuller t6.03Pr = 0.000Friedman’s test124.11Pr = 0.00
Modified Phillips–Perron t2.00Pr = 0.000Frees’ test3.56Pr = 0.00
Phillips Perron t5.19Pr = 0.000Pesaran’s test18.40Pr = 0.00
Source: Author’s calculation results based on data from WDI, 2023

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