Table 2 Excerpt from coding structure... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Excerpt from coding structure

CAS codes, deduct		Emerging themes	Exemplary events and actions	Exemplary quotes
Internal mechanisms	Agents and schemata (Phase 1)	Diverging schemata across supply chain	Downstream actors face pressure from EU Battery Regulation (EUBR) but struggle with a lack of visibility and inertia from midstream “Hidden” midstream actors opposed to attention and reputational risk that traceability brings (…)	“You need very strong incentives to allow supply chain transparency. Unless there is a regulation, unless there is an alternative benefit for the suppliers, it's really hard to get that transparency. When we are asking our suppliers to get ready to start opening up their information sources, they refuse to do it until the moment when the law [EUBR] is signed”(I2, Sustainability manager, downstream)
	Agents and schemata (Phase 2)	Upstream supplier initiates blockchain pilot with schematically-aligned actors Difficult to onboard midstream due to diverging schemata	For participation in the blockchain pilot, UpstreamMiningCompany reaches out to actors along the supply chain, prioritizing actors that – for different reasons – have shared schemata: (…) UpstreamMiningCompany initiates StakeholderAlliance as forum for discussing schemata across chain	“If it's a common goal, if it's directed in interest and plus you understand each other's limitations, then basically rowing in the same direction is not as difficult”(I7, Founder, Tech provider) “You have to have a normal trust between them [partners in initial blockchain], and it's a very long process. So you can't just get together with three competitors and you're gonna have a f****** great time. You have to socialize together, you have to get to know each other, listen, argue, talk“(I7, Founder, tech provider)” “[StakeholderAlliance]allows companies to form a common language in terms of ESG targets and indicators, to form common standards (…)”(I5, Program Manager, StakeholderAlliance)
	Agents and schemata (Phase 3)	Shared traceability schemata formalized Shared sustainability schemata developed and formalized	During blockchain pilot, shared traceability schemata, e.g. on data sharing, were developed. Blockchain design formalizes these schemata Shared sustainability schemata developed between actors and formalized in StakeholderAlliance’s joint standards on sustainability metrics (…)	“this industry-wide body that provides clarity on the standards and approaches is a very good option. There are sticky issues around data governance that really need to be decided in a forum like [StakeholderAlliance]” (W5, Founder, Technology provider) “The main motivation [with StakeholderAlliance] was a unified goal of some sort, to realize that the whole industry has a common threat, that there is child labor, untraceable cobalt and so on. And having that common goal, it has helped a lot to actually unite the industry” (I7, Founder, tech provider)
Environment	Visible horizon (Phase 1)	Downstream faces visible horizon as barrier	Downstream actors face restrictive visible horizon Regulation (e.g. EUBR) extends downstream actors’ horizon of responsibility beyond horizon of visibility	“Visibility is very low in the supply chain (…) in most cases we don't know who the suppliers are beyond tier -one” (I2, Sustainability manager, downstream) “It's a fundamental question, how much you as a company can do, where is the boundary of your responsibility? And now the regulator, it starts to move you in the direction that the boundaries of your responsibility go much further than your perimeter of possession. Accordingly, your perimeter of impact becomes your responsibility” (I7, Founder, tech provider)
Environment	Visible horizon (Phase 2)	Upstream actor’s visible horizon restricts pilot	UpstreamMiningCompany realizes that its visible horizon restricts range of pilot UpstreamMiningCompany initiates StakeholderAlliance to engage with downstream actors and extend visible horizon	“It was an opportunity to participate in the introduction of these new standards, talk to the whole supply chain, boost our power” (I4, Sustainability manager, UpstreamMiningCompany) “(…) nobody at the top of the chain, nobody has the task to track everything … in the process of formulating hypotheses about what we're doing, it became clear that it didn't make a lot of sense [to try without them]”(I7, Founder, tech provider)
	Visible horizon (Phase 3)	Upstream and downstream collaborate to extend visibility	Upstream and downstream companies join efforts for building visibility in midstream by working from their respective visible horizons	“for example, AutomotiveCompanyA comes in and completely does not manage to track their whole chain. And even AutomotiveCompanyB [with decent visibility] actually said ‘we'll be interested to see, whether or not [UpstreamMiningCompany’s] cobalt actually ends up coming to us’”(I7, Founder, Tech provider)

CAS codes, deduct		Emerging themes	Exemplary events and actions	Exemplary quotes
Internal mechanisms	Agents and schemata (Phase 1)	Diverging schemata across supply chain	Downstream actors face pressure from EU Battery Regulation (EUBR) but struggle with a lack of visibility and inertia from midstream“Hidden” midstream actors opposed to attention and reputational risk that traceability brings (…)	“You need very strong incentives to allow supply chain transparency. Unless there is a regulation, unless there is an alternative benefit for the suppliers, it's really hard to get that transparency. When we are asking our suppliers to get ready to start opening up their information sources, they refuse to do it until the moment when the law [EUBR] is signed”(I2, Sustainability manager, downstream)
	Agents and schemata (Phase 2)	Upstream supplier initiates blockchain pilot with schematically-aligned actorsDifficult to onboard midstream due to diverging schemata	For participation in the blockchain pilot, UpstreamMiningCompany reaches out to actors along the supply chain, prioritizing actors that – for different reasons – have shared schemata: (…)UpstreamMiningCompany initiates StakeholderAlliance as forum for discussing schemata across chain	“If it's a common goal, if it's directed in interest and plus you understand each other's limitations, then basically rowing in the same direction is not as difficult”(I7, Founder, Tech provider)“You have to have a normal trust between them [partners in initial blockchain], and it's a very long process. So you can't just get together with three competitors and you're gonna have a f****** great time. You have to socialize together, you have to get to know each other, listen, argue, talk“(I7, Founder, tech provider)”“[StakeholderAlliance]allows companies to form a common language in terms of ESG targets and indicators, to form common standards (…)”(I5, Program Manager, StakeholderAlliance)
	Agents and schemata (Phase 3)	Shared traceability schemata formalizedShared sustainability schemata developed and formalized	During blockchain pilot, shared traceability schemata, e.g. on data sharing, were developed. Blockchain design formalizes these schemataShared sustainability schemata developed between actors and formalized in StakeholderAlliance’s joint standards on sustainability metrics (…)	“this industry-wide body that provides clarity on the standards and approaches is a very good option. There are sticky issues around data governance that really need to be decided in a forum like [StakeholderAlliance]” (W5, Founder, Technology provider)“The main motivation [with StakeholderAlliance] was a unified goal of some sort, to realize that the whole industry has a common threat, that there is child labor, untraceable cobalt and so on. And having that common goal, it has helped a lot to actually unite the industry” (I7, Founder, tech provider)
Environment	Visible horizon (Phase 1)	Downstream faces visible horizon as barrier	Downstream actors face restrictive visible horizonRegulation (e.g. EUBR) extends downstream actors’ horizon of responsibility beyond horizon of visibility	“Visibility is very low in the supply chain (…) in most cases we don't know who the suppliers are beyond tier -one” (I2, Sustainability manager, downstream)“It's a fundamental question, how much you as a company can do, where is the boundary of your responsibility? And now the regulator, it starts to move you in the direction that the boundaries of your responsibility go much further than your perimeter of possession. Accordingly, your perimeter of impact becomes your responsibility” (I7, Founder, tech provider)
Environment	Visible horizon (Phase 2)	Upstream actor’s visible horizon restricts pilot	UpstreamMiningCompany realizes that its visible horizon restricts range of pilotUpstreamMiningCompany initiates StakeholderAlliance to engage with downstream actors and extend visible horizon	“It was an opportunity to participate in the introduction of these new standards, talk to the whole supply chain, boost our power” (I4, Sustainability manager, UpstreamMiningCompany)“(…) nobody at the top of the chain, nobody has the task to track everything … in the process of formulating hypotheses about what we're doing, it became clear that it didn't make a lot of sense [to try without them]”(I7, Founder, tech provider)
	Visible horizon (Phase 3)	Upstream and downstream collaborate to extend visibility	Upstream and downstream companies join efforts for building visibility in midstream by working from their respective visible horizons	“for example, AutomotiveCompanyA comes in and completely does not manage to track their whole chain. And even AutomotiveCompanyB [with decent visibility] actually said ‘we'll be interested to see, whether or not [UpstreamMiningCompany’s] cobalt actually ends up coming to us’”(I7, Founder, Tech provider)

Source(s): Authors’ own creation; extended tables available in Online Supplementary Material