Table 3.

Brand manager’s roles in the three approaches

Brand manager’s role
SymbolCognitive associationsEmbodied experience
Top downBottom upTop downBottom upTop downBottom up
RoleLeader/creatorLeader/initiatorSending communicatorModerator (interactive communicator)CuratorCo-creator
Communication standpointTALKLISTEN →TALKLISTEN→
ALIGN AND TALK
LISTEN ↔ ALIGNLISTEN and FEELCURATELISTEN and FEELCO-CREATE
TasksDeveloping (brand) symbolCollecting information about the place and preferences of target groups, and accordingly develop (brand) symbolsCreating positive associations about the placeBuilding on existing positive associations about placeOffering and curating sets of services and products that provide structured brand experiencesFacilitating the creation of embodied brand experiences
Communication directionOne-way (one-to-many)Two-wayOne-way, multi-channelTwo-way, many-to-many (word of mouth)One-to-manyMany-to-many Interactive, co-created and networked

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