Table 2 Stakeholder engagement: costs...

Table 2

Stakeholder engagement: costs and benefits

Costs	Direct	1. Staff costs: Costs of internal ^a and external ^b staff; Travel costs incurred by internal staff; staff overnight accommodation costs during SE activities; staff recruitment costs of hiring SE staff; staff training costs; Travel subsistence: cost of meals during the stay 2. Event costs: Exhibition and public meeting costs; concertation tables costs to encourage integration between different actors; Trade unions and associations in defining project ideas (Cascetta et al., 2015), Citizen jury: cost of participatory action; Technical table cost; stakeholders conference costs to pay for place where decision-makers and stakeholders meet 3. Communications costs: Communicating the engagement. Costs deal with advertising SE. Also costs of sending invitations to stakeholders, advertising seminars, printing posters and creating website 4. Participant costs: Costs incurred for training of participants in development of know-how in participation, in addition, participants must be periodically informed about activities and decisions
Costs	Indirect	1. Financial risks: those due to delays 2. Performance risks: can provide new information that could change the original plans and objectives and also can discover, at an early stage, unexpected risks that can therefore be avoided 3. Reputational and opportunity risks: can improve the organization's reputation but can also raise audience expectations to unrealistic levels; can highlight new opportunities for the public and suppliers but can also generate adverse opinions in poorly informed people
Benefits	Direct	1. New resources to be created/accessed ^C: volunteer work fostering; public awareness of public services increase: improving staff awareness and activities related to problems arising during the SE activity 2. Improvement to uptake of services: Include implementation of some fundamental aspects: impact on health (reduction of mortality and health-related quality of life over time); reduced crime levels; environmental improvements; homicides (value entered is that of human life in event of death); serious and less serious wounding (value entered is that of human life in event of serious or less serious injuries) 3. Improvement to quality of services: Less time spent on administration; Increased consumer satisfaction
Benefits	Indirect	Learning and skills development among participants; increased social capital, social cohesion, inclusion; presence of a more representative group of participants in decision-making process; listening: represents the well-being expected by participants as regards participation in meetings and events, indicates how conversation with stakeholders is useful to participants and can positively influence them

Costs	Direct	1. Staff costs: Costs of internal ^a and external ^b staff; Travel costs incurred by internal staff; staff overnight accommodation costs during SE activities; staff recruitment costs of hiring SE staff; staff training costs; Travel subsistence: cost of meals during the stay 2. Event costs: Exhibition and public meeting costs; concertation tables costs to encourage integration between different actors; Trade unions and associations in defining project ideas (Cascetta et al., 2015), Citizen jury: cost of participatory action; Technical table cost; stakeholders conference costs to pay for place where decision-makers and stakeholders meet 3. Communications costs: Communicating the engagement. Costs deal with advertising SE. Also costs of sending invitations to stakeholders, advertising seminars, printing posters and creating website 4. Participant costs: Costs incurred for training of participants in development of know-how in participation, in addition, participants must be periodically informed about activities and decisions
Costs	Indirect	1. Financial risks: those due to delays 2. Performance risks: can provide new information that could change the original plans and objectives and also can discover, at an early stage, unexpected risks that can therefore be avoided 3. Reputational and opportunity risks: can improve the organization's reputation but can also raise audience expectations to unrealistic levels; can highlight new opportunities for the public and suppliers but can also generate adverse opinions in poorly informed people
Benefits	Direct	1. New resources to be created/accessed ^C: volunteer work fostering; public awareness of public services increase: improving staff awareness and activities related to problems arising during the SE activity 2. Improvement to uptake of services: Include implementation of some fundamental aspects: impact on health (reduction of mortality and health-related quality of life over time); reduced crime levels; environmental improvements; homicides (value entered is that of human life in event of death); serious and less serious wounding (value entered is that of human life in event of serious or less serious injuries) 3. Improvement to quality of services: Less time spent on administration; Increased consumer satisfaction
Benefits	Indirect	Learning and skills development among participants; increased social capital, social cohesion, inclusion; presence of a more representative group of participants in decision-making process; listening: represents the well-being expected by participants as regards participation in meetings and events, indicates how conversation with stakeholders is useful to participants and can positively influence them

Note(s): ^AInternal staff: directly involved in project implementation, their cost is spread over total duration of the assignment; ^bsupport staff (administration, communications), their cost is that of an external figure working alongside internal personnel to provide support during some phases of the process; ^Crefers to complaint teams dealing with complaints from participants, protests, or complaints of stakeholders/citizens. Includes: First complaints team: 2 people (communication/public relations expert and sociologist) who interact with demonstrators, intervene in meetings; Second complaints team: 3 professionals, who deal with most serious and most dangerous protests; Third complaints team: 2 professionals (communication manager and an assistant) who deal with serious conflicts

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