Table 7 Barriers to the use of wearable...

Table 7

Barriers to the use of wearable devices

Employer type	Government agencies		Consultancy firms		Contracting firms		Total		Kruskal–Wallis	AsympSig
Variables	MSV	RK	MSV	RK	MSV	RK	MSV	RK
Concern for usability	2.50	27	2.50	24	2.65	26	2.56	24	0.680	0.712
Lack of integration with existing construction practices and operations	2.88	14	3.20	8	3.05	17	3.00	15	3.822	0.148
Health and safety concern	2.71	19	2.30	27	2.15	29	2.43	28	4.792	0.091
Initial cost	3.58	1	3.30	7	3.70	1	3.57	1	0.872	0.647
Maintenance cost	3.25	2	3.40	4	3.70	1	3.44	2	11.109	0.004*
Operating cost	3.04	9	2.90	12	3.50	5	3.19	7	7.638	0.022*
Cost of training and employing professionals	3.13	4	3.40	4	3.55	4	3.33	3	4.567	0.102
Uncertain cost-beneﬁt relation	2.88	14	2.90	12	3.25	14	3.02	14	4.030	0.133
Technology-related operational difﬁculties	3.08	7	2.70	17	3.15	16	3.04	13	1.744	0.418
Challenge of power supply	2.88	14	3.40	4	2.56	5	2.99	16	11.590	0.003*
Data management challenge	2.63	21	3.00	11	3.40	9	2.98	17	16.406	0.000*
Lack of proper IT infrastructure	2.96	12	3.50	2	3.70	1	3.33	3	15.836	0.000*
Technology immaturity	3.12	5	3.50	2	3.45	8	3.31	5	6.732	0.035*
Lack of well-trained staff	3.17	3	3.60	1	3.30	12	3.30	6	3.967	0.138
Employees compliance	2.92	12	3.10	9	3.40	9	3.13	10	4.945	0.084
Legal or ethical concerns	2.33	29	2.60	20	2.70	21	2.52	27	2.824	0.244
Resistance to change	3.04	9	2.90	12	3.30	12	3.11	11	5.506	0.064
Organization culture	3.04	9	2.60	20	3.40	9	3.09	12	10.390	0.006*
Lack of government support	3.08	7	2.60	20	3.50	7	3.15	9	12.870	0.002*
Temporary nature of construction	2.82	17	2.60	20	2.85	20	2.81	18	0.920	0.631
Privacy	2.67	21	2.80	15	2.45	27	2.61	24	1.693	0.429
Site-related issues	2.67	21	2.30	27	3.00	18	2.72	20	7.223	0.027*
Manufacturing requirement	2.79	18	2.50	24	2.70	21	2.70	21	0.879	0.644
Security	3.12	5	3.10	9	3.25	14	3.17	8	0.456	0.456
Long data processing time	2.71	19	2.70	17	3.00	18	2.81	18	2.413	0.299
High data storage capacity	2.58	25	2.70	17	2.70	21	2.65	23	0.178	0.915
Interference with essential activities	2.63	23	2.10	29	2.30	28	2.41	29	4.501	0.105
Individual privacy and ownership of data	2.42	28	2.50	24	2.70	21	2.54	25	1.846	0.397
Former unsuccessful experience	2.58	25	2.80	15	2.70	21	2.67	22	0.909	0.635

Employer type	Government agencies		Consultancy firms		Contracting firms		Total		Kruskal–Wallis	AsympSig
Variables	MSV	RK	MSV	RK	MSV	RK	MSV	RK
Concern for usability	2.50	27	2.50	24	2.65	26	2.56	24	0.680	0.712
Lack of integration with existing construction practices and operations	2.88	14	3.20	8	3.05	17	3.00	15	3.822	0.148
Health and safety concern	2.71	19	2.30	27	2.15	29	2.43	28	4.792	0.091
Initial cost	3.58	1	3.30	7	3.70	1	3.57	1	0.872	0.647
Maintenance cost	3.25	2	3.40	4	3.70	1	3.44	2	11.109	0.004*
Operating cost	3.04	9	2.90	12	3.50	5	3.19	7	7.638	0.022*
Cost of training and employing professionals	3.13	4	3.40	4	3.55	4	3.33	3	4.567	0.102
Uncertain cost-beneﬁt relation	2.88	14	2.90	12	3.25	14	3.02	14	4.030	0.133
Technology-related operational difﬁculties	3.08	7	2.70	17	3.15	16	3.04	13	1.744	0.418
Challenge of power supply	2.88	14	3.40	4	2.56	5	2.99	16	11.590	0.003*
Data management challenge	2.63	21	3.00	11	3.40	9	2.98	17	16.406	0.000*
Lack of proper IT infrastructure	2.96	12	3.50	2	3.70	1	3.33	3	15.836	0.000*
Technology immaturity	3.12	5	3.50	2	3.45	8	3.31	5	6.732	0.035*
Lack of well-trained staff	3.17	3	3.60	1	3.30	12	3.30	6	3.967	0.138
Employees compliance	2.92	12	3.10	9	3.40	9	3.13	10	4.945	0.084
Legal or ethical concerns	2.33	29	2.60	20	2.70	21	2.52	27	2.824	0.244
Resistance to change	3.04	9	2.90	12	3.30	12	3.11	11	5.506	0.064
Organization culture	3.04	9	2.60	20	3.40	9	3.09	12	10.390	0.006*
Lack of government support	3.08	7	2.60	20	3.50	7	3.15	9	12.870	0.002*
Temporary nature of construction	2.82	17	2.60	20	2.85	20	2.81	18	0.920	0.631
Privacy	2.67	21	2.80	15	2.45	27	2.61	24	1.693	0.429
Site-related issues	2.67	21	2.30	27	3.00	18	2.72	20	7.223	0.027*
Manufacturing requirement	2.79	18	2.50	24	2.70	21	2.70	21	0.879	0.644
Security	3.12	5	3.10	9	3.25	14	3.17	8	0.456	0.456
Long data processing time	2.71	19	2.70	17	3.00	18	2.81	18	2.413	0.299
High data storage capacity	2.58	25	2.70	17	2.70	21	2.65	23	0.178	0.915
Interference with essential activities	2.63	23	2.10	29	2.30	28	2.41	29	4.501	0.105
Individual privacy and ownership of data	2.42	28	2.50	24	2.70	21	2.54	25	1.846	0.397
Former unsuccessful experience	2.58	25	2.80	15	2.70	21	2.67	22	0.909	0.635

Note(s): Significant level of p ≤ 0.05 was adopted

Source(s): Table created by Author

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