Level of involvement
| Level of involvement | Objective | Characteristics | Techniques |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inform (1) | Provide stakeholders with balanced and objective information | Unilateral communication There is no invitation to reply | Reports, websites, speeches, lectures and public presentations, … |
| Consult (2) | Obtain information and feedback from stakeholders to support decision-making processes | Limited communication in both directions: the company/public body asks the stakeholders respond | Questionnaires, surveys, organisation of workshops, … |
| Involve (3) | Work directly with stakeholders throughout the planning process to ensure that the needs of stakeholders (groups or individuals) are understood and considered consistently | Two-way, multi-directional communication Stakeholders and the company/public body takes actions individually | Multi-stakeholder forums, advisory committees, participation systems decision-making processes, … |
| Collaborate (4) | Co-operate with stakeholders in all or some aspects of the planning process to develop mutually agreed solutions | Two-way or multi-directional communication between the company/public body and the stakeholders. Learning, negotiation and decision-making on both sides. Stakeholders work together to take action | Joint projects, voluntary two- or multi-stakeholder initiatives, and partnerships |
| Empower (5) | Delegate decision-making processes to stakeholders so that they share responsibility for decisions and outcomes | New organisational form: the stakeholders assume a formal role in the governance of an organisational organisation or some decisions are delegated externally to stakeholders | Integration of stakeholders in governance structures (i.e. as members as members, shareholders or specific committees specific committees, …) |
| Level of involvement | Objective | Characteristics | Techniques |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inform (1) | Provide stakeholders with balanced and objective information | Unilateral communication | Reports, websites, speeches, lectures and public presentations, … |
| Consult (2) | Obtain information and feedback from stakeholders to support decision-making processes | Limited communication in both directions: the company/public body asks the stakeholders | Questionnaires, surveys, organisation of workshops, … |
| Involve (3) | Work directly with stakeholders throughout the planning process to ensure that the needs of stakeholders (groups or individuals) are understood and considered consistently | Two-way, multi-directional communication | Multi-stakeholder forums, advisory committees, participation systems decision-making processes, … |
| Collaborate (4) | Co-operate with stakeholders in all or some aspects of the planning process to develop mutually agreed solutions | Two-way or multi-directional communication between the company/public body and the stakeholders. Learning, negotiation and decision-making on both sides. Stakeholders work together to take action | Joint projects, voluntary two- or multi-stakeholder initiatives, and partnerships |
| Empower (5) | Delegate decision-making processes to stakeholders so that they share responsibility for decisions and outcomes | New organisational form: the stakeholders assume | Integration of stakeholders in governance structures (i.e. as members |
Source(s): Authors own work adapted from Krick et al. (2005), IAP2 (2018) and Bobbio (2019)
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