Level of involvement
| Level of involvement | Objective | Characteristics | Techniques |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inform (1) | Provide stakeholders with balanced and objective information | Unilateral communication There is no invitation to reply | Reports, websites, speeches, lectures and public presentations, … |
| Consult (2) | Obtain information and feedback from stakeholders to support decision-making processes | Limited communication in both directions: the company/public body asks the stakeholders respond | Questionnaires, surveys, organisation of workshops, … |
| Involve (3) | Work directly with stakeholders throughout the planning process to ensure that the needs of stakeholders (groups or individuals) are understood and considered consistently | Two-way, multi-directional communication Stakeholders and the company/public body takes actions individually | Multi-stakeholder forums, advisory committees, participation systems decision-making processes, … |
| Collaborate (4) | Co-operate with stakeholders in all or some aspects of the planning process to develop mutually agreed solutions | Two-way or multi-directional communication between the company/public body and the stakeholders. Learning, negotiation and decision-making on both sides. Stakeholders work together to take action | Joint projects, voluntary two- or multi-stakeholder initiatives, and partnerships |
| Empower (5) | Delegate decision-making processes to stakeholders so that they share responsibility for decisions and outcomes | New organisational form: the stakeholders assume a formal role in the governance of an organisational organisation or some decisions are delegated externally to stakeholders | Integration of stakeholders in governance structures (i.e. as members as members, shareholders or specific committees specific committees, …) |
| Level of involvement | Objective | Characteristics | Techniques |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inform (1) | Provide stakeholders with balanced and objective information | Unilateral communication | Reports, websites, speeches, lectures and public presentations, … |
| Consult (2) | Obtain information and feedback from stakeholders to support decision-making processes | Limited communication in both directions: the company/public body asks the stakeholders | Questionnaires, surveys, organisation of workshops, … |
| Involve (3) | Work directly with stakeholders throughout the planning process to ensure that the needs of stakeholders (groups or individuals) are understood and considered consistently | Two-way, multi-directional communication | Multi-stakeholder forums, advisory committees, participation systems decision-making processes, … |
| Collaborate (4) | Co-operate with stakeholders in all or some aspects of the planning process to develop mutually agreed solutions | Two-way or multi-directional communication between the company/public body and the stakeholders. Learning, negotiation and decision-making on both sides. Stakeholders work together to take action | Joint projects, voluntary two- or multi-stakeholder initiatives, and partnerships |
| Empower (5) | Delegate decision-making processes to stakeholders so that they share responsibility for decisions and outcomes | New organisational form: the stakeholders assume | Integration of stakeholders in governance structures (i.e. as members |
Source(s): Authors own work adapted from Krick et al. (2005), IAP2 (2018) and Bobbio (2019)
As a benefit of your subscription, you can share temporary access to restricted articles.
Each link will stop working after 30 days or 10 uses. You may create up to 10 links in a 30 day period.
Please sign in to your personal account to gift article access.
As a benefit of your subscription, you can share temporary access to restricted articles.
Each link will stop working after 30 days or 10 uses. You may create up to 10 links in a 30 day period.
Gift articles remaining: --
Each link will stop working after 30 days or 10 uses. You may create up to 10 links in a 30 day period.
Gift articles remaining: --
As a benefit of your subscription, you can share temporary access to restricted articles.
Each link will stop working after 30 days or 10 uses.
You have reached the limit of 10 links within a 30 day period.
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.