Table 4 Core use cases emerging from... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Core use cases emerging from scoping review

	Core use cases	Definition	Domains of application (integrated from Stublić et al.)	Sources
Key themes in the cultural heritage domain (from Vacchio and Bifulco, 2022)	Tokenization of cultural assets and fractional equity	Representing ownership or value of cultural assets through issued tokens. Assets are divided into tradable units to enable broader participation in ownership: tokens on a blockchain platform can be exchanged between users	Museums	Zhao et al. (2023a, b), Damiani (2022), Jung (2023), Valeonti et al. (2021), Stublić et al. (2023), Ch’ng (2018), Trček (2022a), Woodall and Ringel (2020), Whitaker (2019), Liddell (2021)
	Digital copyright management	Using blockchain technology to prevent the easy reproduction of digital files: managing and enforcing the rights associated with digital content, ensuring that only authorized users can access or distribute the content in predefined ways	Museums	De Filippi (2016), Damiani (2022), Jung (2023), Wang et al. (2021a), Wang et al. (2021b), Zhao et al. (2022), Sater and Wright (2020), Vacchio and Bifulco (2022), Trček (2022b), Mucchi et al. (2022), Ch’ng (2018), Whitaker et al. (2021)
	Tracking provenance and authenticity, cultural asset management	Managing and preserving cultural assets through blockchain (documentation, conservation, cataloguing, exhibition, facilitating public access)	Museums, Archives, Libraries	Stančić and Bralić (2021), Damiani (2022), Duca et al. (2020), Lvping (2021), Woodall and Ringel (2020), Stublič et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2021a), Zhen (2023), Sater and Wright (2020), Goldenfein and Hunter (2017), Vacchio and Bifulco (2022), Zhang et al. (2021), Abid (2021), Frederick (2019), Khelifi et al. (2024), Oyelude (2022), Whitaker et al. (2021), Yuan and Zhou (2023)
Additional themes identified	Decentralized funding	Enabling through blockchain technology a distributed and transparent system for raising, managing and allocating funds for cultural institutions. This practice aims to decentralize traditional funding models	Museums, Cultural heritage organizations	Dolan et al. (2019), De Filippi (2016), Prokupek et al. (2022), Valeonti et al. (2021)
Additional themes identified	Decentralized cultural platforms for heritage preservation	Employing digital platforms built on blockchain technology in the preservation of cultural artefacts, historical records and other elements of cultural significance	Libraries, Smart cultural tourism, Cultural heritage organizations	Zoannos et al. (2023), Jha (2023), Trček (2022a, b), Jankova et al. (2023), Jens et al. (2021), Gloerich et al. (2020), Miguel-de-Bustos and Izquierdo-Castillo (2021), Wei and Guan (2021)

	Core use cases	Definition	Domains of application (integrated from Stublić et al.)	Sources
Key themes in the cultural heritage domain (from Vacchio and Bifulco, 2022)	Tokenization of cultural assets and fractional equity	Representing ownership or value of cultural assets through issued tokens. Assets are divided into tradable units to enable broader participation in ownership: tokens on a blockchain platform can be exchanged between users	Museums	Zhao et al. (2023a, b), Damiani (2022), Jung (2023), Valeonti et al. (2021), Stublić et al. (2023), Ch’ng (2018), Trček (2022a), Woodall and Ringel (2020), Whitaker (2019), Liddell (2021)
	Digital copyright management	Using blockchain technology to prevent the easy reproduction of digital files: managing and enforcing the rights associated with digital content, ensuring that only authorized users can access or distribute the content in predefined ways	Museums	De Filippi (2016), Damiani (2022), Jung (2023), Wang et al. (2021a), Wang et al. (2021b), Zhao et al. (2022), Sater and Wright (2020), Vacchio and Bifulco (2022), Trček (2022b), Mucchi et al. (2022), Ch’ng (2018), Whitaker et al. (2021)
	Tracking provenance and authenticity, cultural asset management	Managing and preserving cultural assets through blockchain (documentation, conservation, cataloguing, exhibition, facilitating public access)	Museums, Archives, Libraries	Stančić and Bralić (2021), Damiani (2022), Duca et al. (2020), Lvping (2021), Woodall and Ringel (2020), Stublič et al. (2023), Wang et al. (2021a), Zhen (2023), Sater and Wright (2020), Goldenfein and Hunter (2017), Vacchio and Bifulco (2022), Zhang et al. (2021), Abid (2021), Frederick (2019), Khelifi et al. (2024), Oyelude (2022), Whitaker et al. (2021), Yuan and Zhou (2023)
Additional themes identified	Decentralized funding	Enabling through blockchain technology a distributed and transparent system for raising, managing and allocating funds for cultural institutions. This practice aims to decentralize traditional funding models	Museums, Cultural heritage organizations	Dolan et al. (2019), De Filippi (2016), Prokupek et al. (2022), Valeonti et al. (2021)
Additional themes identified	Decentralized cultural platforms for heritage preservation	Employing digital platforms built on blockchain technology in the preservation of cultural artefacts, historical records and other elements of cultural significance	Libraries, Smart cultural tourism, Cultural heritage organizations	Zoannos et al. (2023), Jha (2023), Trček (2022a, b), Jankova et al. (2023), Jens et al. (2021), Gloerich et al. (2020), Miguel-de-Bustos and Izquierdo-Castillo (2021), Wei and Guan (2021)

Source(s): Authors’ own work