Table 5

Male to female transition in leadership and ES performance of firms

ESEnvSocGovESEnvSocGov
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
MtoF_EXE0.0060.0150.037−6.223    
 1.958*2.136**2.066**−3.059***    
MtoF_Chair    0.0520.1710.1202.788***
     1.3431.3611.1094.224
Tenure0.0070.0040.009−0.6710.0070.0110.009−0.649
 4.382***2.581***2.253**−1.5384.379***2.447**2.254**−1.482
Board_Size0.0300.0060.05315.9710.0300.0060.05415.880
 4.090***0.0066.464***17.063***4.139***0.6786.540***16.932***
Gender_Diversity0.0650.0330.09735.7100.0640.0330.09535.945
 2.313**0.0083.077***9.923***2.287**0.9063.026***9.967***
Firm_Size0.0710.0740.0653.7070.0710.0830.0663.610
 10.449***10.895***22.832***11.251***10.491***25.033***23.098***10.983***
Leverage−8.779−5.977−14.846−162.755−8.661−31.911−14.496−218.846
 −2.334**−2.049**−1.836*−0.176−2.305**−3.396***−1.792*−0.237
M-to-B0.0020.00020.004−0.1020.0020.0050.004−0.103
 2.734***0.2964.774***−0.9822.706***4.602***4.773***−0.985
Slack−0.003−0.0150.0052.165−0.003−0.0020.0052.109
 −2.081**−12.410***2.794***11.405***−2.048**−0.9763.009***11.133***
ROA−0.0260.0040.111−30.977−0.025−0.1180.120−32.448
 −1.3440.1733.234***−7.881***−1.313−2.927***3.521***−8.297***
Country controlYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Year FEYesNoNoYesNoYesYesYes
Firm FEYesNoNoYesNoYesYesYes
Observations2,1422,1422,1432,1352,1422,1422,1432,135
Adjusted R20.5030.3070.2880.2450.5030.4030.2870.241

Notes:

This table shows the results of the impact of change in leadership from male to female on the average of the environmental and social combined (ES) scores and the individual environmental (Env), social (Soc) and governance (Gov) scores. MtoF_EXE is a dummy that equals one if the new appointee into the CEO position is a woman and replacing a man in firm i at time t or zeros otherwise, MtoF_Chair is a dummy that equals one if the new appointee into the board chairperson position is a woman and replacing a man in firm i at time t or zeros otherwise, Tenure is the natural logarithm of the number of years since the official’s appointment to the current year of observation, Board_Size is the natural logarithm of the number of board members in firm i at time t, Gender_Diversity is the percentage of women firm i board at time t. Firm_Size (Natural log of total firm sales), Leverage is the natural logarithm of total debt over total equity of firm i at time t, MB is the ratio of firm i market value of equity to its the book value of equity at time t, Slack i.e. current liabilities of firm i at time t divided by its current asset in the same period, ROA is firm i earnings before interest and taxes over its total assets at time t. The last rows include the country control, year and firm fixed-effects, the number of observations in the models estimated and adjusted R2. Firm-level standard error clustering is applied, and t-statistics are reported in parentheses. *** (**, *) denotes significance at the 1% (5%, 10%) level (two-sided test)

Source: Authors’ own work

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