Table 3 Descriptive student statistics...

Table 3

Descriptive student statistics for waves 1 and 2 of the PENP

	Received information from the school
	No (1)	Yes (2)	Difference (1)-(2)
Dependent variable: hours spent performing school activities
Up to 1 hour	0.227	0.132	0.095***
More than 1 and up to 2 hours	0.271	0.294	−0.023
More than 2 and up to 3 hours	0.239	0.265	−0.026
More than 3 hours	0.263	0.309	−0.046**
Independent variables
Student’s gender
Male students	0.536	0.527	0.009
Female students	0.464	0.473	−0.009
Student’s age
Younger than or 10 years old	0.247	0.498	−0.251***
Between 11 and 15 years old	0.488	0.385	0.103***
Older than or 16 years old	0.265	0.117	0.148***
Student’s ethnicity
White or Asian	0.406	0.428	−0.022
Black, Brown, Indigenous or other	0.594	0.572	0.022
Type of school
Municipal school	0.415	0.561	−0.146***
State school	0.585	0.439	0.146***
Student’s level of education
Early years of elementary school	0.286	0.541	−0.255***
Late years of elementary school	0.423	0.324	0.099***
High school	0.291	0.135	0.156***
Guardian’s gender
Male guardian	0.295	0.271	0.024
Female guardian	0.705	0.729	−0.024
Guardian’s age	39.89	37.61	2.281***
Guardian’s ethnicity
White or Asian	0.340	0.341	−0.001
Black, Brown, Indigenous or other	0.660	0.659	0.001
Guardian’s level of education
Illiterate or some primary	0.045	0.045	−0.000
Primary or incomplete elementary	0.193	0.162	0.031*
Complete elementary education	0.109	0.110	−0.001
Incomplete secondary	0.118	0.144	−0.026*
Complete upper secondary	0.354	0.363	−0.009
Incomplete college	0.073	0.063	0.010
College	0.083	0.085	−0.001
Post-graduate	0.025	0.029	−0.003
Guardian’s occupation
Unemployed	0.167	0.151	0.015
Employed	0.274	0.258	0.015
Public servant	0.067	0.086	−0.019*
Autonomous or independent professional, freelancer and odd jobs	0.225	0.221	0.003
Businessperson	0.020	0.026	−0.007
Stay-at-home parent	0.166	0.199	−0.033**
Retired	0.029	0.023	0.006
Student, intern or apprentice	0.013	0.008	0.005
Living off income	0.018	0.004	0.014***
Other	0.024	0.023	0.001
Household income
Household income of up to BRL 1,045.00	0.398	0.431	−0.033
Household income from BRL 1,046.00 to BRL 2,090.00	0.325	0.303	0.022
Household income from BRL 2,091.00 to BRL 3,135.00	0.149	0.136	0.013
Household income from BRL 3,136.00 to BRL 5,225.00	0.077	0.082	−0.005
Household income of BRL 5,226 or more	0.050	0.048	0.002
Broadband Internet availability in the household
Broadband Internet is available in the household	0.573	0.627	−0.055***
Broadband Internet is not available in the household	0.427	0.373	0.055***
There are computers or laptops with Internet access available in the household	0.576	0.641	−0.064*
There are TVs with Internet access available in the household	0.579	0.686	−0.106***
There are cell phones with Internet access available in the household	2.646	2.642	0.004
Guardian’s assessment of student learning with activities in the household
Guardian completely agrees that “The student is progressing in their learning”	0.203	0.334	−0.131***
Guardian agrees that “The student is progressing in their learning”	0.200	0.271	−0.071***
Guardian neither agrees nor disagrees that “The student is progressing in their learning.”	0.012	0.013	−0.001
Guardian disagrees that “The student is progressing in their learning”	0.214	0.192	0.021
Guardian completely disagrees that “The student is progressing in their learning”	0.366	0.183	0.182***
Guardian does not know whether “The student is progressing in their learning.”	0.006	0.007	−0.001
Number of children or teenagers in the household (aged 6–18)	1,850	1.910	−0.060
Other older children in the household
There are no children older than the student in the household	0.726	0.641	0.085***
There are children older than the student in the household	0.274	0.359	−0.085***
Household location
Capital city	0.283	0.228	0.056***
Metropolitan area	0.183	0.154	0.030*
Inland (not the capital)	0.533	0.618	−0.085***
Southeast	0.425	0.370	0.055***
South	0.154	0.175	−0.021
Northeast	0.231	0.227	0.004
Midwest	0.085	0.113	−0.027**
North	0.104	0.115	−0.011
Wave in which the interview was performed
Wave 1	0.486	0.448	0.038*
Wave 2	0.514	0.552	−0.038*
Did the guardian receive guidance from the school about the activities in the household
Guardian did not receive guidance from school	1.000	0.000	1.000
Guardian received sufficient or barely sufficient information (enough)	0.000	0.897	−0.897***
Guardian did not receive sufficient information	0.000	0.103	−0.103***
Guardian can help with school tasks
Guardian cannot help with school tasks	0.102	0.025	0.076***
Guardian can help with school tasks (always, most of the times, sometimes)	0.898	0.975	−0.076***

	Received information from the school
	No (1)	Yes (2)	Difference (1)-(2)
Dependent variable: hours spent performing school activities
Up to 1 hour	0.227	0.132	0.095***
More than 1 and up to 2 hours	0.271	0.294	−0.023
More than 2 and up to 3 hours	0.239	0.265	−0.026
More than 3 hours	0.263	0.309	−0.046**
Independent variables
Student’s gender
Male students	0.536	0.527	0.009
Female students	0.464	0.473	−0.009
Student’s age
Younger than or 10 years old	0.247	0.498	−0.251***
Between 11 and 15 years old	0.488	0.385	0.103***
Older than or 16 years old	0.265	0.117	0.148***
Student’s ethnicity
White or Asian	0.406	0.428	−0.022
Black, Brown, Indigenous or other	0.594	0.572	0.022
Type of school
Municipal school	0.415	0.561	−0.146***
State school	0.585	0.439	0.146***
Student’s level of education
Early years of elementary school	0.286	0.541	−0.255***
Late years of elementary school	0.423	0.324	0.099***
High school	0.291	0.135	0.156***
Guardian’s gender
Male guardian	0.295	0.271	0.024
Female guardian	0.705	0.729	−0.024
Guardian’s age	39.89	37.61	2.281***
Guardian’s ethnicity
White or Asian	0.340	0.341	−0.001
Black, Brown, Indigenous or other	0.660	0.659	0.001
Guardian’s level of education
Illiterate or some primary	0.045	0.045	−0.000
Primary or incomplete elementary	0.193	0.162	0.031*
Complete elementary education	0.109	0.110	−0.001
Incomplete secondary	0.118	0.144	−0.026*
Complete upper secondary	0.354	0.363	−0.009
Incomplete college	0.073	0.063	0.010
College	0.083	0.085	−0.001
Post-graduate	0.025	0.029	−0.003
Guardian’s occupation
Unemployed	0.167	0.151	0.015
Employed	0.274	0.258	0.015
Public servant	0.067	0.086	−0.019*
Autonomous or independent professional, freelancer and odd jobs	0.225	0.221	0.003
Businessperson	0.020	0.026	−0.007
Stay-at-home parent	0.166	0.199	−0.033**
Retired	0.029	0.023	0.006
Student, intern or apprentice	0.013	0.008	0.005
Living off income	0.018	0.004	0.014***
Other	0.024	0.023	0.001
Household income
Household income of up to BRL 1,045.00	0.398	0.431	−0.033
Household income from BRL 1,046.00 to BRL 2,090.00	0.325	0.303	0.022
Household income from BRL 2,091.00 to BRL 3,135.00	0.149	0.136	0.013
Household income from BRL 3,136.00 to BRL 5,225.00	0.077	0.082	−0.005
Household income of BRL 5,226 or more	0.050	0.048	0.002
Broadband Internet availability in the household
Broadband Internet is available in the household	0.573	0.627	−0.055***
Broadband Internet is not available in the household	0.427	0.373	0.055***
There are computers or laptops with Internet access available in the household	0.576	0.641	−0.064*
There are TVs with Internet access available in the household	0.579	0.686	−0.106***
There are cell phones with Internet access available in the household	2.646	2.642	0.004
Guardian’s assessment of student learning with activities in the household
Guardian completely agrees that “The student is progressing in their learning”	0.203	0.334	−0.131***
Guardian agrees that “The student is progressing in their learning”	0.200	0.271	−0.071***
Guardian neither agrees nor disagrees that “The student is progressing in their learning.”	0.012	0.013	−0.001
Guardian disagrees that “The student is progressing in their learning”	0.214	0.192	0.021
Guardian completely disagrees that “The student is progressing in their learning”	0.366	0.183	0.182***
Guardian does not know whether “The student is progressing in their learning.”	0.006	0.007	−0.001
Number of children or teenagers in the household (aged 6–18)	1,850	1.910	−0.060
Other older children in the household
There are no children older than the student in the household	0.726	0.641	0.085***
There are children older than the student in the household	0.274	0.359	−0.085***
Household location
Capital city	0.283	0.228	0.056***
Metropolitan area	0.183	0.154	0.030*
Inland (not the capital)	0.533	0.618	−0.085***
Southeast	0.425	0.370	0.055***
South	0.154	0.175	−0.021
Northeast	0.231	0.227	0.004
Midwest	0.085	0.113	−0.027**
North	0.104	0.115	−0.011
Wave in which the interview was performed
Wave 1	0.486	0.448	0.038*
Wave 2	0.514	0.552	−0.038*
Did the guardian receive guidance from the school about the activities in the household
Guardian did not receive guidance from school	1.000	0.000	1.000
Guardian received sufficient or barely sufficient information (enough)	0.000	0.897	−0.897***
Guardian did not receive sufficient information	0.000	0.103	−0.103***
Guardian can help with school tasks
Guardian cannot help with school tasks	0.102	0.025	0.076***
Guardian can help with school tasks (always, most of the times, sometimes)	0.898	0.975	−0.076***

Note(s): 1. The column difference concerns the t-test. 2. *, ** and *** represent a confidence of 90, 95 and 99% respectively

Source(s): Prepared by the author's

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