Factors associated with the number of hours Brazilian students spend on school activities during remote learning (ordered logit model in the odds ratio format)
| Variables | Study hours | |
|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | |
| Received information from the school (dummy = not received) | ||
| A lot or a little (enough) | 1.281*** | 28.1% |
| (0.117) | ||
| Not enough | 1.334 | 33.4% |
| (0.251) | ||
| Guardian can help with school tasks (cannot help) | ||
| Can help (always, most of the time, sometimes) | 2.785*** | 178.5% |
| (0.544) | ||
| The student is progressing in their learning (dummy = completely agree) | ||
| Partially agrees | 0.774** | −22.6% |
| (0.089) | ||
| Neither agrees nor disagrees | 0.664 | – |
| (0.274) | ||
| Partially disagrees | 0.581*** | −41.9% |
| (0.067) | ||
| Completely disagrees | 0.414*** | −58.6% |
| (0.051) | ||
| Does not know | 0.575 | – |
| (0.288) | ||
| Student’s gender (female = 1) | 1.223** | 22.3% |
| (0.099) | ||
| Student’s age | ||
| Between 11 and 15 years old | 1,002 | – |
| (0.187) | ||
| Older than or 16 years old | 0.771 | −22.9% |
| (0.172) | ||
| Color/ethnicity (POC = 1) | 1.074 | – |
| (0.106) | ||
| Type of school (state = 1) | 1.486*** | 48.6% |
| (0.149) | ||
| Level of education | ||
| Late years of elementary school | 1.803*** | 80.3% |
| (0.333) | ||
| High school | 2.059*** | 105.9% |
| (0.450) | ||
| Guardian’s gender (female = 1) | 0.969 | – |
| (0.096) | ||
| Guardian’s age | 0.989** | −1.1% |
| (0.005) | ||
| Guardian’s color/ethnicity (POC = 1) | 0.939 | – |
| (0.100) | ||
| Level of education | ||
| Primary/incomplete elementary | 0.876 | – |
| (0.210) | ||
| Complete elementary | 1.243 | – |
| (0.321) | ||
| Incomplete lower secondary | 0.860 | – |
| (0.212) | ||
| Complete upper secondary | 0.956 | – |
| (0.226) | ||
| Incomplete college | 0.931 | – |
| (0.270) | ||
| College | 0.816 | – |
| (0.234) | ||
| Post-graduate | 0.813 | – |
| (0.303) | ||
| Guardian’s occupation (dummy = unemployed) | ||
| Employed | 1.121 | – |
| (0.155) | ||
| Public servant | 1.054 | – |
| (0.243) | ||
| Autonomous or independent professional, freelancer, odd jobs | 1.196 | – |
| (0.165) | ||
| Businessperson | 1.594* | 59.4% |
| (0.403) | ||
| Stay-at-home parent | 1.279 | – |
| (0.194) | ||
| Retired | 1.741* | 74.1% |
| (0.541) | ||
| Student, intern or apprentice | 0.990 | – |
| (0.398) | ||
| Living off income | 1.314 | – |
| (0.462) | ||
| More | 0.759 | – |
| (0.201) | ||
| Household income (dummy <BRL 1,046.00) | ||
| From BRL 1,046.00 to BRL 2,090.00 | 1.082 | – |
| (0.115) | ||
| From BRL 2,091.00 to BRL 3,135.00 | 0.906 | – |
| (0.141) | ||
| From BRL 3,136.00 to BRL 5,225.00 | 0.764 | – |
| (0.142) | ||
| BRL 5,226.00 or more | 1.008 | – |
| (0.247) | ||
| Household with broadband Internet (1 = no) | 0.912 | – |
| (0.0881) | ||
| How many computers or laptops with Internet access are available in the household | 1.066 | – |
| (0.063) | ||
| How many TVs with Internet access are available in the household | 1.049 | – |
| (0.0671) | ||
| How many cell phones with Internet access are available in the household | 1.054 | – |
| (0.0404) | ||
| Are there children and teenagers (6 to 18 years old) in the household? How many? | 0.869*** | −13.1% |
| (0.0472) | ||
| Are there children older than the student in the household? | 1.005 | – |
| (0.111) | ||
| Type of city (dummy = capital city) | ||
| Other cities in the metropolitan area | 1.292** | – |
| (0.165) | ||
| Inland (not the capital city) | 1.393*** | 39.3% |
| (0.137) | ||
| Region (dummy = Southeast) | ||
| South | 1.222 | – |
| (0.149) | ||
| Northeast | 1.069 | – |
| (0.122) | ||
| Midwest | 1.523*** | 52.3% |
| (0.229) | ||
| North | 0.850 | – |
| (0.115) | ||
| Wave 2 | 1.020 | – |
| (0.085) | ||
| Observations | 2,236 | |
| Variables | Study hours | |
|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | |
| A lot or a little (enough) | 1.281*** | 28.1% |
| (0.117) | ||
| Not enough | 1.334 | 33.4% |
| (0.251) | ||
| Can help (always, most of the time, sometimes) | 2.785*** | 178.5% |
| (0.544) | ||
| Partially agrees | 0.774** | −22.6% |
| (0.089) | ||
| Neither agrees nor disagrees | 0.664 | – |
| (0.274) | ||
| Partially disagrees | 0.581*** | −41.9% |
| (0.067) | ||
| Completely disagrees | 0.414*** | −58.6% |
| (0.051) | ||
| Does not know | 0.575 | – |
| (0.288) | ||
| 1.223** | 22.3% | |
| (0.099) | ||
| Between 11 and 15 years old | 1,002 | – |
| (0.187) | ||
| Older than or 16 years old | 0.771 | −22.9% |
| (0.172) | ||
| 1.074 | – | |
| (0.106) | ||
| 1.486*** | 48.6% | |
| (0.149) | ||
| Late years of elementary school | 1.803*** | 80.3% |
| (0.333) | ||
| High school | 2.059*** | 105.9% |
| (0.450) | ||
| 0.969 | – | |
| (0.096) | ||
| 0.989** | −1.1% | |
| (0.005) | ||
| 0.939 | – | |
| (0.100) | ||
| Primary/incomplete elementary | 0.876 | – |
| (0.210) | ||
| Complete elementary | 1.243 | – |
| (0.321) | ||
| Incomplete lower secondary | 0.860 | – |
| (0.212) | ||
| Complete upper secondary | 0.956 | – |
| (0.226) | ||
| Incomplete college | 0.931 | – |
| (0.270) | ||
| College | 0.816 | – |
| (0.234) | ||
| Post-graduate | 0.813 | – |
| (0.303) | ||
| Employed | 1.121 | – |
| (0.155) | ||
| Public servant | 1.054 | – |
| (0.243) | ||
| Autonomous or independent professional, freelancer, odd jobs | 1.196 | – |
| (0.165) | ||
| Businessperson | 1.594* | 59.4% |
| (0.403) | ||
| Stay-at-home parent | 1.279 | – |
| (0.194) | ||
| Retired | 1.741* | 74.1% |
| (0.541) | ||
| Student, intern or apprentice | 0.990 | – |
| (0.398) | ||
| Living off income | 1.314 | – |
| (0.462) | ||
| More | 0.759 | – |
| (0.201) | ||
| From BRL 1,046.00 to BRL 2,090.00 | 1.082 | – |
| (0.115) | ||
| From BRL 2,091.00 to BRL 3,135.00 | 0.906 | – |
| (0.141) | ||
| From BRL 3,136.00 to BRL 5,225.00 | 0.764 | – |
| (0.142) | ||
| BRL 5,226.00 or more | 1.008 | – |
| (0.247) | ||
| 0.912 | – | |
| (0.0881) | ||
| 1.066 | – | |
| (0.063) | ||
| 1.049 | – | |
| (0.0671) | ||
| 1.054 | – | |
| (0.0404) | ||
| 0.869*** | −13.1% | |
| (0.0472) | ||
| 1.005 | – | |
| (0.111) | ||
| Other cities in the metropolitan area | 1.292** | – |
| (0.165) | ||
| Inland (not the capital city) | 1.393*** | 39.3% |
| (0.137) | ||
| South | 1.222 | – |
| (0.149) | ||
| Northeast | 1.069 | – |
| (0.122) | ||
| Midwest | 1.523*** | 52.3% |
| (0.229) | ||
| North | 0.850 | – |
| (0.115) | ||
| 1.020 | – | |
| (0.085) | ||
| 2,236 | ||
Note(s): 1. The robust standard error is between parentheses. 2. *, ** and *** represent a confidence of 90, 95 and 99% respectively
Source(s): Prepared by the authors
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