Table 2 Results of regression analysis:...

Table 2

Results of regression analysis: Pooled OLS Model

Variables	Model1	Model2	Model3	Model4	Model5	Model6	Model7
H1: DOI		−2.310***	−2.181***		−2.116***	−2.036***	−2.049***
H1: DOI		(0.52)	(0.47)		(0.58)	(0.54)	(0.53)
H2: DOI (squared)			9.094***				10.174***
H2: DOI (squared)			(2.44)				(2.57)
Institutional Distance				−0.013***	−0.007	−0.007*	−0.005
Institutional Distance				(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
H3: DOI × Institutional Distance						0.065	−0.035
H3: DOI × Institutional Distance						(0.04)	(0.05)
Control variables
Concentration of client nationality	−0.029	−0.034	0.052	−0.062	−0.051	−0.034	0.040
Concentration of client nationality	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.11)
Foreign client transaction structure	0.206	0.165	0.214*	0.239*	0.184	0.236**	0.208*
Foreign client transaction structure	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)
Domestic client transaction structure	0.177	0.290**	0.237*	0.166	0.275**	0.297**	0.206**
Domestic client transaction structure	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.10)
Concentration in technology area	1.193*	0.628	0.680	0.867	0.515	0.430	0.639
Concentration in technology area	(0.65)	(0.66)	(0.62)	(0.67)	(0.66)	(0.67)	(0.59)
Number of patent claims per application	−0.001	−0.004	−0.006	−0.001	−0.004	−0.007	−0.005
Number of patent claims per application	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Number of pages per application	0.006	0.010	0.009	0.007	0.010	0.012*	0.008
Number of pages per application	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Patent registration rate	−0.052	0.120	0.124	−0.022	0.120	0.111	0.130
Patent registration rate	(0.31)	(0.31)	(0.28)	(0.30)	(0.30)	(0.30)	(0.28)
Number of patent attorneys	0.046	0.037	0.029	0.050	0.040	0.028	0.037
Number of patent attorneys	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Turnover rate	0.064	0.017	0.017	0.057	0.017	0.004	0.024
Turnover rate	(0.18)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.18)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)
Organizational age	−0.067**	−0.087***	−0.058*	−0.072**	−0.088***	−0.081***	−0.058*
Organizational age	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Domestic and foreign technological distance	−0.100	−0.078	−0.074	−0.099	−0.080	−0.093	−0.067
Domestic and foreign technological distance	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.12)
Constant	−0.072	0.014	−0.127	−0.070	0.008	−0.012	−0.138
Constant	(0.00)	(0.22)	(0.23)	(0.22)	(0.22)	(0.21)	(0.23)
Observations	430	430	430	430	430	430	430
Firms	48	48	48	48	48	48	48
F value	13.97***	26.47***	22.44***	16.54***	26.70***	25.30***	29.18***
R-squared	0.495	0.535	0.559	0.507	0.537	0.542	0.562
Adjusted R-squared	0.472	0.512	0.537	0.483	0.514	0.517	0.537
Year dummies	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
F test	0.5678	0.7725	0.6456	0.7268	0.8180	0.6514	0.7347
BP test	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Hausman test	0.1212	0.3409	0.1905	0.3544	0.4979	0.2796	0.3843

Variables	Model1	Model2	Model3	Model4	Model5	Model6	Model7
H1: DOI		−2.310***	−2.181***		−2.116***	−2.036***	−2.049***
H1: DOI		(0.52)	(0.47)		(0.58)	(0.54)	(0.53)
H2: DOI (squared)			9.094***				10.174***
H2: DOI (squared)			(2.44)				(2.57)
Institutional Distance				−0.013***	−0.007	−0.007*	−0.005
Institutional Distance				(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
H3: DOI × Institutional Distance						0.065	−0.035
H3: DOI × Institutional Distance						(0.04)	(0.05)
Control variables
Concentration of client nationality	−0.029	−0.034	0.052	−0.062	−0.051	−0.034	0.040
Concentration of client nationality	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.11)
Foreign client transaction structure	0.206	0.165	0.214*	0.239*	0.184	0.236**	0.208*
Foreign client transaction structure	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)
Domestic client transaction structure	0.177	0.290**	0.237*	0.166	0.275**	0.297**	0.206**
Domestic client transaction structure	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.10)
Concentration in technology area	1.193*	0.628	0.680	0.867	0.515	0.430	0.639
Concentration in technology area	(0.65)	(0.66)	(0.62)	(0.67)	(0.66)	(0.67)	(0.59)
Number of patent claims per application	−0.001	−0.004	−0.006	−0.001	−0.004	−0.007	−0.005
Number of patent claims per application	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Number of pages per application	0.006	0.010	0.009	0.007	0.010	0.012*	0.008
Number of pages per application	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Patent registration rate	−0.052	0.120	0.124	−0.022	0.120	0.111	0.130
Patent registration rate	(0.31)	(0.31)	(0.28)	(0.30)	(0.30)	(0.30)	(0.28)
Number of patent attorneys	0.046	0.037	0.029	0.050	0.040	0.028	0.037
Number of patent attorneys	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Turnover rate	0.064	0.017	0.017	0.057	0.017	0.004	0.024
Turnover rate	(0.18)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.18)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)
Organizational age	−0.067**	−0.087***	−0.058*	−0.072**	−0.088***	−0.081***	−0.058*
Organizational age	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Domestic and foreign technological distance	−0.100	−0.078	−0.074	−0.099	−0.080	−0.093	−0.067
Domestic and foreign technological distance	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.12)
Constant	−0.072	0.014	−0.127	−0.070	0.008	−0.012	−0.138
Constant	(0.00)	(0.22)	(0.23)	(0.22)	(0.22)	(0.21)	(0.23)
Observations	430	430	430	430	430	430	430
Firms	48	48	48	48	48	48	48
F value	13.97***	26.47***	22.44***	16.54***	26.70***	25.30***	29.18***
R-squared	0.495	0.535	0.559	0.507	0.537	0.542	0.562
Adjusted R-squared	0.472	0.512	0.537	0.483	0.514	0.517	0.537
Year dummies	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
F test	0.5678	0.7725	0.6456	0.7268	0.8180	0.6514	0.7347
BP test	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Hausman test	0.1212	0.3409	0.1905	0.3544	0.4979	0.2796	0.3843

Note(s): Robust standard errors in parentheses

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

Source(s): Authors’ work

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