Table 2. Characteristics of papers...

Table 2.

Characteristics of papers included

Reference	Country	Local government	Research method	Type of paper	Technology/ innovation type	Citizen collaboration process
(Adnan et al., 2021)	Indonesia	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	Web 2.0	To improve communication between government and citizens and receive feedback from the public on government initiatives
(Zheng and Schachter, 2018)	USA	New Jersey	Mixed	Empirical	E-participation	To enable citizens to give feedback on public issues and policies
(Tejedo-Romero et al., 2022)	Portugal	Multiple	Quantitative	Empirical	E-government	Citizen participation and communication to ensure municipal transparency
(Dembski et al., 2020)	Germany	Herrenberg	Mixed	Empirical	Digital twins	For citizens to identify and report urban challenges and influence urban planning decisions
(Savoldelli et al., 2014)	General	General	Qualitative	Review	E-government	To seek knowledge from citizens on government initiatives
(Lidén, 2016)	Sweden	Multiple	Mixed	Empirical	Digital politics	Online engagement with citizens
(Sønderskov, 2020)	Norway	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	General	To involve citizens in policymaking
(Falco and Kleinhans, 2018)	General	General	Qualitative	Review	General	Government-citizen decision-making
(Zhang and Xiao, 2017)	China	General	Quantitative	Empirical	Social media	To increase government-citizen interaction
(Hämäläinen, 2021)	Finland	Helsinki	Qualitative	Empirical	Digital twins	To improve citizen involvement in smart city service provision
(Ahn, 2011)	USA	Multiple	Quantitative	Empirical	E-communication	To improve government-citizen communication
(Kamal et al., 2013)	Pakistan	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	E-government	To improve communication between government and citizens, as well as service delivery
(Major et al., 2021)	Norway	Alesund	Qualitative	Empirical	Digital twins	Citizen participation in smart city projects
(Ho and Ni, 2004)	USA	Iowa	Quantitative	Empirical	E-government	To improve communication between government and citizens, and public service delivery
(Sharif et al., 2015)	Australia	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	Social media	To improve communication between local governments and citizens
(Babelon et al., 2017)	Sweden	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	PPGIS	To involve citizens in urban planning decisions
(Manoharan and Ingrams, 2018)	General	General	Qualitative	Review	E-government	For citizens to provide feedback on public policies
(Mergel, 2018)	USA	General	Qualitative	Empirical	Challenge.gov	For citizens to share their ideas and suggestions with the government
(Jun and Weare, 2011)	USA	Multiple	Quantitative	Empirical	E-government	To improve communication between government and citizens and public service delivery
(Gil-García and Pardo, 2005)	Multiple	General	Qualitative	Review	E-government	For the promotion of democratic decision-making with citizens
(Jans et al., 2016)	The Netherlands	Multiple	Quantitative	Empirical	E-government	For citizens to access public data and to ensure transparency

Reference	Country	Local government	Research method	Type of paper	Technology/ innovation type	Citizen collaboration process
(Adnan et al., 2021)	Indonesia	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	Web 2.0	To improve communication between government and citizens and receive feedback from the public on government initiatives
(Zheng and Schachter, 2018)	USA	New Jersey	Mixed	Empirical	E-participation	To enable citizens to give feedback on public issues and policies
(Tejedo-Romero et al., 2022)	Portugal	Multiple	Quantitative	Empirical	E-government	Citizen participation and communication to ensure municipal transparency
(Dembski et al., 2020)	Germany	Herrenberg	Mixed	Empirical	Digital twins	For citizens to identify and report urban challenges and influence urban planning decisions
(Savoldelli et al., 2014)	General	General	Qualitative	Review	E-government	To seek knowledge from citizens on government initiatives
(Lidén, 2016)	Sweden	Multiple	Mixed	Empirical	Digital politics	Online engagement with citizens
(Sønderskov, 2020)	Norway	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	General	To involve citizens in policymaking
(Falco and Kleinhans, 2018)	General	General	Qualitative	Review	General	Government-citizen decision-making
(Zhang and Xiao, 2017)	China	General	Quantitative	Empirical	Social media	To increase government-citizen interaction
(Hämäläinen, 2021)	Finland	Helsinki	Qualitative	Empirical	Digital twins	To improve citizen involvement in smart city service provision
(Ahn, 2011)	USA	Multiple	Quantitative	Empirical	E-communication	To improve government-citizen communication
(Kamal et al., 2013)	Pakistan	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	E-government	To improve communication between government and citizens, as well as service delivery
(Major et al., 2021)	Norway	Alesund	Qualitative	Empirical	Digital twins	Citizen participation in smart city projects
(Ho and Ni, 2004)	USA	Iowa	Quantitative	Empirical	E-government	To improve communication between government and citizens, and public service delivery
(Sharif et al., 2015)	Australia	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	Social media	To improve communication between local governments and citizens
(Babelon et al., 2017)	Sweden	Multiple	Qualitative	Empirical	PPGIS	To involve citizens in urban planning decisions
(Manoharan and Ingrams, 2018)	General	General	Qualitative	Review	E-government	For citizens to provide feedback on public policies
(Mergel, 2018)	USA	General	Qualitative	Empirical	Challenge.gov	For citizens to share their ideas and suggestions with the government
(Jun and Weare, 2011)	USA	Multiple	Quantitative	Empirical	E-government	To improve communication between government and citizens and public service delivery
(Gil-García and Pardo, 2005)	Multiple	General	Qualitative	Review	E-government	For the promotion of democratic decision-making with citizens
(Jans et al., 2016)	The Netherlands	Multiple	Quantitative	Empirical	E-government	For citizens to access public data and to ensure transparency

Notes:

“Multiple” means the study was conducted in more than one municipality or country, while “General” refers to review articles and articles that describe technology adoption from the local government perspective but in a general sense

Source: Authors’ construct

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