Measure items
| Construct | Item code | Item | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human capital | HC1 | The top management in our firm considers human resources the most important asset in the firm | Al-Khatib and Valeri (2022); Yaseen et al. (2016) |
| HC2 | Our firm encourages attracting and appointing the most experienced, skilled and knowledgeable individuals | ||
| HC3 | Our firm focuses on improving the capacity of its human resources by supporting training and continuous learning | ||
| HC4 | The employees of our firm can generate new ideas and innovations that improve and facilitate work in the firm | ||
| Structural capital | SC1 | Our firm activates its databases to save knowledge and information issued by the individual and group activities in the firm | Al-Khatib and Valeri (2022); Yaseen et al. (2016) |
| SC2 | Our firm has clear rules, guidelines and regulations | ||
| SC3 | The sequence between activities and operations in our firm is clear and written | ||
| SC4 | Our firm preserves and stores knowledge by documenting it legally, such as through patents and trademarks | ||
| Social capital | SOC1 | Our firm encourages employees to share and transfer their knowledge and experience with their co-workers | Al-Khatib and Valeri (2022); Al-Omoush et al. (2020) |
| SOC2 | Our firm has social networks that significantly influence the development of our products and operations | ||
| SOC3 | Our firm can access external sources of knowledge that can be used to enhance the knowledge, skills and experience of its employees | ||
| SOC4 | Our firm is interested in building long-term relationships with stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, industrialists and professionals to support knowledge and innovation in the firm | ||
| SOC5 | Our firm shares its strategy with external partners to enhance integration between them | ||
| AI-based supply chain analytics | AI-SCAN1 | Data is collected in our firm from various supply chain channels and systems | Al-Khatib and Ramayah (2023); Shamout (2019) |
| AI-SCAN2 | Our data analysts make supply chain records visible, consistent and accessible quickly and easily | ||
| AI-SCAN3 | Our firm uses data analytics in the supply chain to identify and enhance business trends, maximizing supply chain value | ||
| AI-SCAN4 | Our firm uses data analytics to provide systematic reports that can be used to improve supply chain performance | ||
| Supply chain agility | SCA1 | Our firm has a supply chain that can reduce lead time | Ayoub and Abdallah (2019); Dubey et al. (2019) |
| SCA2 | Our firm has a supply chain capable of maximizing and decreasing inventory control | ||
| SCA3 | Our firm has a supply chain that responds quickly to changes caused by demand and supply | ||
| SCA4 | Our supply chain can quickly identify opportunities and threats, which leads to introducing new products faster than competitors | ||
| Supply chain innovation | SCI1 | Our firm supports research and development activities in the supply chain | Abdallah et al. (2021); Al-Khatib and Ramayah (2023) |
| SCI2 | Our firm supports exploration activities to discover new ways of solving related problems in the supply chain | ||
| SCI3 | Our firm rewards supply chain members who provide new solutions to various problems | ||
| SCI4 | Our firm adopts new technology and applies it within the supply chain |
| Construct | Item code | Item | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human capital | HC1 | The top management in our firm considers human resources the most important asset in the firm | Al-Khatib and Valeri (2022); |
| HC2 | Our firm encourages attracting and appointing the most experienced, skilled and knowledgeable individuals | ||
| HC3 | Our firm focuses on improving the capacity of its human resources by supporting training and continuous learning | ||
| HC4 | The employees of our firm can generate new ideas and innovations that improve and facilitate work in the firm | ||
| Structural capital | SC1 | Our firm activates its databases to save knowledge and information issued by the individual and group activities in the firm | Al-Khatib and Valeri (2022); |
| SC2 | Our firm has clear rules, guidelines and regulations | ||
| SC3 | The sequence between activities and operations in our firm is clear and written | ||
| SC4 | Our firm preserves and stores knowledge by documenting it legally, such as through patents and trademarks | ||
| Social capital | SOC1 | Our firm encourages employees to share and transfer their knowledge and experience with their co-workers | Al-Khatib and Valeri (2022); |
| SOC2 | Our firm has social networks that significantly influence the development of our products and operations | ||
| SOC3 | Our firm can access external sources of knowledge that can be used to enhance the knowledge, skills and experience of its employees | ||
| SOC4 | Our firm is interested in building long-term relationships with stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, industrialists and professionals to support knowledge and innovation in the firm | ||
| SOC5 | Our firm shares its strategy with external partners to enhance integration between them | ||
| AI-based supply chain analytics | AI-SCAN1 | Data is collected in our firm from various supply chain channels and systems | |
| AI-SCAN2 | Our data analysts make supply chain records visible, consistent and accessible quickly and easily | ||
| AI-SCAN3 | Our firm uses data analytics in the supply chain to identify and enhance business trends, maximizing supply chain value | ||
| AI-SCAN4 | Our firm uses data analytics to provide systematic reports that can be used to improve supply chain performance | ||
| Supply chain agility | SCA1 | Our firm has a supply chain that can reduce lead time | |
| SCA2 | Our firm has a supply chain capable of maximizing and decreasing inventory control | ||
| SCA3 | Our firm has a supply chain that responds quickly to changes caused by demand and supply | ||
| SCA4 | Our supply chain can quickly identify opportunities and threats, which leads to introducing new products faster than competitors | ||
| Supply chain innovation | SCI1 | Our firm supports research and development activities in the supply chain | |
| SCI2 | Our firm supports exploration activities to discover new ways of solving related problems in the supply chain | ||
| SCI3 | Our firm rewards supply chain members who provide new solutions to various problems | ||
| SCI4 | Our firm adopts new technology and applies it within the supply chain |
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