Table 1.

Service quality gaps with examples from Parasuraman et al. (1985) 

No.NameDescription
1Consumer expectation – management perception gapExecutives and managers do not fully understand what is considered good quality and what is desired by consumers
2Management perception – service quality specification gapInability to specify the service based on management expectations due to issues such as resource and market constraints and lack of management commitment
3Service quality specification – service delivery gapErrors in service delivery, largely dependent on the human factor
4Service delivery – external communications gapCommunicating high quality increases the initial quality expectations and decreases the perceived quality if the company under-delivers. This can also work in an opposite way if the service quality is higher than what is communicated
5Expected service – perceived service gapThe final determinant of how the consumer experiences the service is dependent on the initial expectations and if the service delivered is perceived as lower, equal or greater
Source: Table is made by authors

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