Table 1 Diction measures of narrative... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Diction measures of narrative tone

Master variable	Definition	Formula
Certainty	Language indicating resoluteness, inflexibility, and completeness, and a tendency to speak ex-cathedra	[Tenacity + Levelling + Collectives + Insistence] – [Numerical Terms + Ambivalence + Self Reference + Variety]
Optimism	Language endorsing some person, group, concept, or event or highlighting their positive entailments	[Praise + Satisfaction + Inspiration] – [Blame + Hardship + Denial]
Activity	Language featuring movement, change, the implementation of ideas, and the avoidance of inertia	[Aggression + Accomplishment + Communication + Motion] – [Cognition + Passivity + Embellishment]
Realism	Language describing tangible, immediate, recognisable matters that affect people's everyday lives	[Familiarity + Spatial Terms + Temporal Terms + Present Concern + Human Interest + Concreteness] – [Past Concern + Complexity]
Commonality	Language highlighting the agreed-upon values of a group and rejecting idiosyncratic modes of engagement	[Centrality + Cooperation + Rapport] – [Diversity + Exclusion + Liberation]

Master variable	Definition	Formula
Certainty	Language indicating resoluteness, inflexibility, and completeness, and a tendency to speak ex-cathedra	[Tenacity + Levelling + Collectives + Insistence] – [Numerical Terms + Ambivalence + Self Reference + Variety]
Optimism	Language endorsing some person, group, concept, or event or highlighting their positive entailments	[Praise + Satisfaction + Inspiration] – [Blame + Hardship + Denial]
Activity	Language featuring movement, change, the implementation of ideas, and the avoidance of inertia	[Aggression + Accomplishment + Communication + Motion] – [Cognition + Passivity + Embellishment]
Realism	Language describing tangible, immediate, recognisable matters that affect people's everyday lives	[Familiarity + Spatial Terms + Temporal Terms + Present Concern + Human Interest + Concreteness] – [Past Concern + Complexity]
Commonality	Language highlighting the agreed-upon values of a group and rejecting idiosyncratic modes of engagement	[Centrality + Cooperation + Rapport] – [Diversity + Exclusion + Liberation]

Source(s): Hart (2000), Hart and Carroll (2013)