Table 2.

Components and operationalisation to assess current collaborations (per domain)

DomainComponentsOperationalisation
Partnership processesSelectionWas the other partner selected because of their capacity to provide specific resources or are these more commonly available?
FormationDid the collaboration come about naturally or did (one of) the partners actively look to collaborate with the other partner?
OperationIs the collaboration with the other partner of a structural nature or do they only collaborate on an occasional basis?
FormalisationTo what extent has the collaboration between the partners been (contractually) formalised?
ResourcesNatureAre the resources provided by the other partner mainly of a general nature (e.g. capital, goods) or of a specific nature (e.g. knowledge, unique method)?
DirectionIs the exchange of resources between the partners mainly one-directional or two-directional?
ComplementarityDoes one of the partners depend on the resources of the other partner to create value or do their resources complement each other?
EquivalencyDo the partners experience the exchange of resources with the other partner as equal?
Value creationTransactionDoes the collaboration mainly consist of an exchange of products or services with the other partner for a fee?
ReputationDoes the collaboration mainly contribute to the reputation of one of the partners, or both?
InteractionDoes the collaboration actively aim to align operations between the partners to create more value?
SynergyDoes the collaboration manage to create more joint value than both partners could create individually?
Source: Adapted by the authors from Austin and Seitanidi (2012a, b)

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