Table 1. HST95 sand material properties... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

HST95 sand material properties (Al-Defae et al., 2013; Lauder et al., 2013)

Property	Value
Effective particle size, D₁₀: mm	0.09
Average particle size, D₅₀: mm	0.14
Peak friction angle, ϕ′_pk, at 57% relative density: °	40
Peak friction angle, ϕ′_pk, at 84% relative density: °	45
Critical state friction angle, ϕ′_crit: °	32
Sand–steel interface friction angle, δ′_crit: °	24
Angle of dilation*, ψ: °	16
Maximum dry density, ρ_max: kN/m³	17.58
Minimum dry density, ρ_min: kN/m³	14.59

Property	Value
Effective particle size, D₁₀: mm	0.09
Average particle size, D₅₀: mm	0.14
Peak friction angle, ϕ′_pk, at 57% relative density: °	40
Peak friction angle, ϕ′_pk, at 84% relative density: °	45
Critical state friction angle, ϕ′_crit: °	32
Sand–steel interface friction angle, δ′_crit: °	24
Angle of dilation*, ψ: °	16
Maximum dry density, ρ_max: kN/m³	17.58
Minimum dry density, ρ_min: kN/m³	14.59

*

Peak friction angle determined at effective stresses relevant to model testing (0.2–0.3 kN/m²)