Table 2 Descriptive statistics and...

Table 2

Descriptive statistics and instrument overview of variables of the study

Variable	Min-Max Value	Mean	SD	Number of items	Alpha value	Instrument name	Research reference	(Example) item
Leader characteristics
Age	26–71	47.43	6.90	1	N/A			How old are you?
Health	0–10	7.22	1.99	1	N/A			How would you rate your overall health?
Experience in years	0–10	3.70	2.28	1	N/A			Number of years as school leader?
Emotional instability	0–10	3.74	1.83	4	0.64	Mini-IPIP	Donnellan et al. (2006)	I am relaxed most of the time
Self-Efficacy	0–10	7.35	1.40	15	0.94	Norwegian Principal Self-Efficacy Scale for Instructional Leadership	Skaalvik (2020)	How certain are you that you can guide teachers about educational matters?
Interpersonal dynamics
Trust	0–10	7.46	1.44	9	0.87	Principal Trust Scale	Tschannen-Moran and Gareis (2004)	I can trust my teachers even in difficult situations
Emotional Containing	0–10	5.87	2.48	2	0.86	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often do you have to handle co-workers' frustrations?
Group dynamics	0–10	3.30	2.06	3	0.79	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often do you face security and cohesion issues among employees?
Mentoring co-workers	0–10	4.87	2.19	2	0.84	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often do you have to plan and structure employees’ work?
Situational context
Salary Satisfaction	0–10	3.98	2.49	5	0.90	The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire	Kristensen et al. (2005)	I have a reasonable salary in relation to the burden and responsibility of my duties?
Resource deficit	0–10	6.19	2.59	3	0.83	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often is your school under-resourced for workload peaks?
Organizational role demands	0–10	5.28	2.30	3	0.84	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often is school development responsibility burdensome?
Support from superior	0–10	7.70	2.61	2	0.93	The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire	Kristensen et al. (2005)	If you need, do you get support and help with your work from your immediate manager?
Dependent variable
Turnover Intention	0–10	4.01	2.12	6	0.86	Turnover intention scale	Bothma and Roodt (2013)	How often have you considered leaving your job?

Variable	Min-MaxValue	Mean	SD	Number of items	Alpha value	Instrument name	Research reference	(Example) item
Leader characteristics
Age	26–71	47.43	6.90	1	N/A			How old are you?
Health	0–10	7.22	1.99	1	N/A			How would you rate your overall health?
Experience in years	0–10	3.70	2.28	1	N/A			Number of years as school leader?
Emotional instability	0–10	3.74	1.83	4	0.64	Mini-IPIP	Donnellan et al. (2006)	I am relaxed most of the time
Self-Efficacy	0–10	7.35	1.40	15	0.94	Norwegian Principal Self-Efficacy Scale for Instructional Leadership	Skaalvik (2020)	How certain are you that you can guide teachers about educational matters?
Interpersonal dynamics
Trust	0–10	7.46	1.44	9	0.87	Principal Trust Scale	Tschannen-Moran and Gareis (2004)	I can trust my teachers even in difficult situations
Emotional Containing	0–10	5.87	2.48	2	0.86	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often do you have to handle co-workers' frustrations?
Group dynamics	0–10	3.30	2.06	3	0.79	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often do you face security and cohesion issues among employees?
Mentoring co-workers	0–10	4.87	2.19	2	0.84	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often do you have to plan and structure employees’ work?
Situational context
Salary Satisfaction	0–10	3.98	2.49	5	0.90	The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire	Kristensen et al. (2005)	I have a reasonable salary in relation to the burden and responsibility of my duties?
Resource deficit	0–10	6.19	2.59	3	0.83	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often is your school under-resourced for workload peaks?
Organizational role demands	0–10	5.28	2.30	3	0.84	Gothenburg Manager Stress Inventory	Håkansson et al. (2021)	How often is school development responsibility burdensome?
Support from superior	0–10	7.70	2.61	2	0.93	The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire	Kristensen et al. (2005)	If you need, do you get support and help with your work from your immediate manager?
Dependent variable
Turnover Intention	0–10	4.01	2.12	6	0.86	Turnover intention scale	Bothma and Roodt (2013)	How often have you considered leaving your job?

Note(s): The variable “Experience in years” includes assistant principal roles held prior to enrollment in the principal training program. While assistant principals are not required to attend the program, they may do so based on school organizers’ request. 75% of the participants reported 4 years or less of leadership experience (median: 3 years), with only 7.1% reporting 7–10 years of experience

Source(s): Author’s own work

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