Table 1 Measurement of variables... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Measurement of variables

Variables	Measurement	Transformation
Funding Success (DV)	Achievement of the funding goal	No transformation
Information Volume (IV)	Total Information = Sum of information provided through text, image, and video. Based on: Thapa (2020) and Kaminski and Hopp (2020)	Scaled using scale ( )
Moderators
Operational Transparency (Costless signal)	The number of work-related terms within the update section. Based on Mejia et al. (2019)	Scaled using scale ( )
Crowdfunding Experience (Costly signal)	The number of prior crowdfunding projects launched by all team members. Used by multiple prior papers, including Chan et al. (2020)	Scaled using scale ( )
Perceived Authenticity (Costless signal)	Seven-point scale on items modified from Oo and Allison (2024) 1. The description of the campaign seems fake (reverse code) 2. The description of the campaign seems campaign creators seemed to put on an act in this campaign description (reverse code) 3. The campaign creators actually experienced the emotions they describe in this campaign description	Scaled using scale ( )
Perceived Product Quality (Costly signal)	Consensual assessment technique on a 1–10 scale based on ratings provided by three experts (Hennessey et al., 2011; Frederiks et al., 2019; Shah and Thapa, 2023)	Scaled using scale ( )
Control variables
Goal	Funding goal set by the fund seeker in USD	Scaled using scale ( )
Backers	Number of fund providers willing to contribute	Scaled using scale ( )
Duration	Duration set by the fund seekers to raise the fund	Scaled using scale ( )
Readability	Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES)	Scaled using scale ( )
Hemmingway App Score	The readability score of the text analyzed by the Hemmingway app	Scaled using scale ( )
Economic Value Orientation	Environmental value orientation measured using content analysis of the text based on dictionary developed by Moss et al. (2018)	Scaled using scale ( )
Social Value Orientation	Social value orientation measured using content analysis of the text based on dictionary developed by Moss et al. (2018)	Scaled using scale ( )
Tone Positivity	Tone Positivity measured using content analysis of the text based on dictionary developed by Henry (2008)	Scaled using scale ( )
Tone Negativity	Tone Negativity measured using content analysis of the text based on dictionary developed by Henry (2008)	Scaled using scale ( )

Variables	Measurement	Transformation
Funding Success (DV)	Achievement of the funding goal	No transformation
Information Volume (IV)	Total Information = Sum of information provided through text, image, and video. Based on: Thapa (2020) and Kaminski and Hopp (2020)	Scaled using scale ( )
Moderators
Operational Transparency (Costless signal)	The number of work-related terms within the update section. Based on Mejia et al. (2019)	Scaled using scale ( )
Crowdfunding Experience (Costly signal)	The number of prior crowdfunding projects launched by all team members. Used by multiple prior papers, including Chan et al. (2020)	Scaled using scale ( )
Perceived Authenticity (Costless signal)	Seven-point scale on items modified from Oo and Allison (2024)1. The description of the campaign seems fake (reverse code) 2. The description of the campaign seems campaign creators seemed to put on an act in this campaign description (reverse code) 3. The campaign creators actually experienced the emotions they describe in this campaign description	Scaled using scale ( )
Perceived Product Quality (Costly signal)	Consensual assessment technique on a 1–10 scale based on ratings provided by three experts (Hennessey et al., 2011; Frederiks et al., 2019; Shah and Thapa, 2023)	Scaled using scale ( )
Control variables
Goal	Funding goal set by the fund seeker in USD	Scaled using scale ( )
Backers	Number of fund providers willing to contribute	Scaled using scale ( )
Duration	Duration set by the fund seekers to raise the fund	Scaled using scale ( )
Readability	Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES)	Scaled using scale ( )
Hemmingway App Score	The readability score of the text analyzed by the Hemmingway app	Scaled using scale ( )
Economic Value Orientation	Environmental value orientation measured using content analysis of the text based on dictionary developed by Moss et al. (2018)	Scaled using scale ( )
Social Value Orientation	Social value orientation measured using content analysis of the text based on dictionary developed by Moss et al. (2018)	Scaled using scale ( )
Tone Positivity	Tone Positivity measured using content analysis of the text based on dictionary developed by Henry (2008)	Scaled using scale ( )
Tone Negativity	Tone Negativity measured using content analysis of the text based on dictionary developed by Henry (2008)	Scaled using scale ( )

Note(s): This table reports how the variables were measured

Source(s): Results from the authors’ own analyses