TableĀ 2

Variables and their measurement

VariablesMeasurement
Dependent variables
Return on assets (ROA)Earnings before interest and Taxes (EBIT)/Total Assets
Market capitalization (MAC)Natural log of market capitalization
Independent variables1 if true, otherwise 0
Non-executive directorshipAll the AC members are non-executive directors
IndependenceAt least two-thirds of AC members are independent
ExpertiseAt least one member is an accounting or related financial management expert
SizeThe number of AC members is more than three
Gender diversityAt least one female director is present in the AC
Control variables
Firm-sizeNatural log of total assets
Asset turnoverNet sales/total assets
LeverageDebt/equity

Source(s): Authors' computation

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