Table 1. Four models of scholarly... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Four models of scholarly coworking facilities and their attributes

Attribute	Home-campus coworking	Inter-campus coworking	Off-campus, purpose-built	Campus as a service (CaaS)
Overview	Shared campus workspace, aligning traditional facilities with coworking elements	For scholars not affiliated with the host university, utilizing excess resources for diverse scholarship	Coworking facility targeting scholars, similar to business-sector examples, with subtypes by campus proximity	All-inclusive, envisioning a full campus for remote/freelance teachers, students, and researchers
Location	On-campus, within a single university	On-campus, across multiple universities	Off-campus, near universities or in remote locations	Independent, fully realized campus
Current status	Attempts have been common, but without breaking down within-university geographic or disciplinary barriers	Examples exist in business-sector coworking spaces, but not in scholarly ones	Near-campus scholarly coworking spaces are common, but without specialized design for scholars. Remote ones are unknown, but common for the business sector	Workspace as a service (WaaS) is a concept with many examples in in business-sector coworking. Scholarly examples are unknown but some campuses seem close
Affiliation	Affiliated with a single university	Affiliated with many universities	Unaffiliated with universities	Independent, may have university affiliations
Target users	Scholars from different departments and schools within a single university	Scholars from participating universities in the reciprocal network	Scholars, students and professionals, both affiliated and unaffiliated with universities	Both remote-working and freelance students, faculty and researchers
Geographic reach	Limited to a single university campus	Extends across multiple university campuses	Varies: near universities or very remote locations	Global, supporting users from various locations
Institutional barriers	Breaks down barriers between departments and schools within a university	Breaks down barriers between participating universities	Breaks down institutional barriers entirely	Transcends institutional barriers, allowing for flexible relationships
Resources	Utilizes existing university resources	Provides access to resources at participating universities	Purpose-built for scholarship, with specialized resources	Offers extensive resources equivalent to a well-funded university campus
Collaboration	Promotes interdisciplinary collaboration within a university	Facilitates interinstitutional collaboration among participating universities	Enables collaboration based on shared interests and expertise, regardless of affiliation	Supports collaboration between local and remote students, faculty and researchers
Imple-mentation	Requires finding neutral territory and active facilitation by the university	Depends on reciprocal agreements and perceived mutual benefit	Requires investment in purpose-built facilities and resources	Needs significant investment and maturity of the remote scholarship model

Attribute	Home-campus coworking	Inter-campus coworking	Off-campus, purpose-built	Campus as a service (CaaS)
Overview	Shared campus workspace, aligning traditional facilities with coworking elements	For scholars not affiliated with the host university, utilizing excess resources for diverse scholarship	Coworking facility targeting scholars, similar to business-sector examples, with subtypes by campus proximity	All-inclusive, envisioning a full campus for remote/freelance teachers, students, and researchers
Location	On-campus, within a single university	On-campus, across multiple universities	Off-campus, near universities or in remote locations	Independent, fully realized campus
Current status	Attempts have been common, but without breaking down within-university geographic or disciplinary barriers	Examples exist in business-sector coworking spaces, but not in scholarly ones	Near-campus scholarly coworking spaces are common, but without specialized design for scholars. Remote ones are unknown, but common for the business sector	Workspace as a service (WaaS) is a concept with many examples in in business-sector coworking. Scholarly examples are unknown but some campuses seem close
Affiliation	Affiliated with a single university	Affiliated with many universities	Unaffiliated with universities	Independent, may have university affiliations
Target users	Scholars from different departments and schools within a single university	Scholars from participating universities in the reciprocal network	Scholars, students and professionals, both affiliated and unaffiliated with universities	Both remote-working and freelance students, faculty and researchers
Geographic reach	Limited to a single university campus	Extends across multiple university campuses	Varies: near universities or very remote locations	Global, supporting users from various locations
Institutional barriers	Breaks down barriers between departments and schools within a university	Breaks down barriers between participating universities	Breaks down institutional barriers entirely	Transcends institutional barriers, allowing for flexible relationships
Resources	Utilizes existing university resources	Provides access to resources at participating universities	Purpose-built for scholarship, with specialized resources	Offers extensive resources equivalent to a well-funded university campus
Collaboration	Promotes interdisciplinary collaboration within a university	Facilitates interinstitutional collaboration among participating universities	Enables collaboration based on shared interests and expertise, regardless of affiliation	Supports collaboration between local and remote students, faculty and researchers
Imple-mentation	Requires finding neutral territory and active facilitation by the university	Depends on reciprocal agreements and perceived mutual benefit	Requires investment in purpose-built facilities and resources	Needs significant investment and maturity of the remote scholarship model

Source(s): Authors’ own creation