OLS regression results with coefficients of all control variables – main EV = work from university
| Model I-A | Model I-B | Model II-A | Model II-B | Model III-A | Model III-B | Model IV-A | Model IV-B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual productivity | Job satisfaction | Socialization | Work-life balance | |||||
| Explanatory variables | ||||||||
| Work from university | −0.035 (0.05) | −0.300*** (0.08) | 0.406*** (0.09) | 0.164 (0.13) | 0.384*** (0.05) | 0.315*** (0.08) | 0.101 (0.05) | −0.009 (0.08) |
| University vs home space quality | −0.378*** (0.02) | −0.439*** (0.02) | −0.477*** (0.02) | −0.569*** (0.03) | −0.245*** (0.01) | −0.294*** (0.01) | −0.388*** (0.02) | −0.451*** (0.02) |
| Work from university x university vs home space quality | 0.311*** (0.04) | 0.467*** (0.11) | 0.249*** (0.05) | 0.316*** (0.05) | ||||
| Home office | −0.030 (0.02) | −0.032 (0.02) | 0.088 (0.05) | 0.086 (0.04) | −0.028 (0.02) | −0.029 (0.02) | −0.031 (0.03) | −0.032 (0.03) |
| Private office | 0.114*** (0.02) | 0.083*** (0.02) | 0.172*** (0.04) | 0.166*** (0.05) | 0.081*** (0.02) | 0.093*** (0.02) | 0.067* (0.03) | 0.077** (0.03) |
| Work from university x private office | 0.184* (0.08) | 0.066 (0.16) | −0.046 (0.07) | −0.028 (0.08) | ||||
| Controls | ||||||||
| North of Italy | 0.019 (0.03) | −0.082** (0.03) | −0.026 (0.05) | −0.064 (0.05) | −0.043 (0.03) | −0.100*** (0.03) | 0.023 (0.04) | 0.021 (0.03) |
| South of Italy | Baseline | −0.100*** (0.03) | Baseline | −0.037 (0.06) | Baseline | −0.056 (0.03) | Baseline | -Baseline (0.05) |
| Center of Italy | 0.099*** (0.03) | Baseline | 0.036 (0.06) | Baseline | 0.056 (0.03) | Baseline | Baseline (0.04) | Baseline |
| Residence close to campus | −0.013 (0.02) | −0.011 (0.02) | −0.007 (0.04) | −0.004 (0.04) | −0.010 (0.02) | −0.009 (0.02) | −0.036 (0.02) | −0.034 (0.02) |
| Physical sciences | −0.208*** (0.04) | 0.007 (0.04) | 0.043 (0.06) | 0.250*** (0.06) | −0.072 (0.04) | 0.004 (0.04) | 0.099* (0.05) | 0.311*** (0.04) |
| Life sciences | 0.012 (0.04) | 0.239*** (0.05) | 0.106 (0.07) | 0.330*** (0.06) | 0.095* (0.04) | 0.180*** (0.04) | 0.158*** (0.05) | 0.381*** (0.04) |
| Civil engineering and architecture | Baseline | 0.200*** (0.04) | Baseline | 0.185*** (0.06) | Baseline | 0.065 (0.04) | Baseline | 0.198*** (0.06) |
| Industrial engineering | −0.132* (0.05) | 0.075 (0.06) | 0.086 (0.09) | 0.280*** (0.09) | −0.021 (0.04) | 0.049 (0.04) | 0.107* (0.05) | 0.311*** (0.05) |
| Social sciences | −0.035 (0.04) | 0.175*** (0.04) | −0.018 (0.08) | 0.180*** (0.06) | 0.034 (0.05) | 0.105*** (0.03) | 0.069 (0.06) | 0.275*** (0.05) |
| Humanities | −0.203*** (0.04) | Baseline | −0.190*** (0.06) | Baseline | −0.067 (0.04) | Baseline | −0.201*** (0.06) | Baseline |
| Full professor | Baseline | 0.016 (0.04) | Baseline | 0.068 (0.08) | Baseline | −0.140*** (0.03) | Baseline | −0.090* (0.04) |
| Associate professor | −0.029 (0.03) | −0.016 (0.03) | −0.044 (0.05) | 0.022 (0.05) | 0.122*** (0.03) | −0.018 (0.02) | 0.067 (0.03) | −0.023 (0.03) |
| Researcher | −0.020 (0.04) | Baseline | −0.074 (0.08) | Baseline | 0.136*** (0.03) | Baseline | 0.086 (0.05) | Baseline |
| Leadership role | 0.013 (0.03) | 0.010 (0.03) | 0.007 (0.03) | 0.002 (0.03) | 0.064*** (0.02) | 0.062*** (0.02) | −0.030 (0.02) | −0.033 (0.02) |
| Lab | 0.059* (0.03) | 0.070** (0.02) | 0.059 (0.05) | 0.073 (0.05) | 0.025 (0.03) | 0.031 (0.03) | 0.083*** (0.03) | 0.092*** (0.03) |
| Collaboration | 0.072 (0.06) | 0.090 (0.06) | 0.035 (0.11) | 0.063 (0.11) | −0.079 (0.06) | −0.064 (0.06) | −0.161* (0.06) | −0.143* (0.06) |
| Digital | 0.030*** (0.01) | 0.029*** (0.01) | 0.068*** (0.01) | 0.068*** (0.01) | 0.027*** (0.01) | 0.027*** (0.01) | 0.005 (0.01) | 0.005 (0.01) |
| Gender (1=male) | 0.117*** (0.02) | 0.116*** (0.02) | 0.198*** (0.04) | 0.197*** (0.04) | 0.001 (0.02) | 0.001 (0.02) | 0.187*** (0.02) | 0.187*** (0.02) |
| Age | −0.006*** (0.00) | −0.006*** (0.00) | −0.005* (0.00) | −0.006*** (0.00) | 0.007*** (0.00) | 0.007*** (0.00) | 0.009*** (0.00) | 0.008*** (0.00) |
| Children at home (y.o. 0–14) | −0.176*** (0.02) | −0.177*** (0.02) | −0.042 (0.04) | −0.044 (0.04) | 0.022 (0.02) | 0.021 (0.02) | −0.039 (0.04) | −0.040 (0.04) |
| Work from home_before Covid | -Baseline (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | Baseline (0.00) | -Baseline (0.00) | −0.003*** (0.00) | −0.003*** (0.00) |
| Constant | 3.099*** (0.11) | 3.022*** (0.09) | −0.253 (0.18) | −0.442*** (0.13) | 1.297*** (0.09) | 1.429*** (0.08) | 2.076*** (0.13) | 1.975*** (0.09) |
| DV mean | 2,9 | |||||||
| DV SD | 1,0 | |||||||
| N | 7,861 | |||||||
| R2 | 0.1415 | 0.1477 | 0.1425 | 0.0922 | 0.0989 | 0.1038 | 0.1113 | 0.1158 |
| Model I-A | Model I-B | Model II-A | Model II-B | Model III-A | Model III-B | Model IV-A | Model IV-B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −0.035 (0.05) | −0.300 | 0.406 | 0.164 (0.13) | 0.384 | 0.315 | 0.101 (0.05) | −0.009 (0.08) | |
| −0.378 | −0.439 | −0.477 | −0.569 | −0.245 | −0.294 | −0.388 | −0.451 | |
| 0.311 | 0.467 | 0.249 | 0.316 | |||||
| −0.030 (0.02) | −0.032 (0.02) | 0.088 (0.05) | 0.086 (0.04) | −0.028 (0.02) | −0.029 (0.02) | −0.031 (0.03) | −0.032 (0.03) | |
| 0.114 | 0.083 | 0.172 | 0.166 | 0.081 | 0.093 | 0.067 | 0.077 | |
| 0.184 | 0.066 (0.16) | −0.046 (0.07) | −0.028 (0.08) | |||||
| 0.019 (0.03) | −0.082 | −0.026 (0.05) | −0.064 (0.05) | −0.043 (0.03) | −0.100 | 0.023 (0.04) | 0.021 (0.03) | |
| Baseline | −0.100 | Baseline | −0.037 (0.06) | Baseline | −0.056 (0.03) | Baseline | -Baseline (0.05) | |
| 0.099 | Baseline | 0.036 (0.06) | Baseline | 0.056 (0.03) | Baseline | Baseline (0.04) | Baseline | |
| −0.013 (0.02) | −0.011 (0.02) | −0.007 (0.04) | −0.004 (0.04) | −0.010 (0.02) | −0.009 (0.02) | −0.036 (0.02) | −0.034 (0.02) | |
| −0.208 | 0.007 (0.04) | 0.043 (0.06) | 0.250 | −0.072 (0.04) | 0.004 (0.04) | 0.099 | 0.311 | |
| 0.012 (0.04) | 0.239 | 0.106 (0.07) | 0.330 | 0.095 | 0.180 | 0.158 | 0.381 | |
| Baseline | 0.200 | Baseline | 0.185 | Baseline | 0.065 (0.04) | Baseline | 0.198 | |
| −0.132 | 0.075 (0.06) | 0.086 (0.09) | 0.280 | −0.021 (0.04) | 0.049 (0.04) | 0.107 | 0.311 | |
| −0.035 (0.04) | 0.175 | −0.018 (0.08) | 0.180 | 0.034 (0.05) | 0.105 | 0.069 (0.06) | 0.275 | |
| −0.203 | Baseline | −0.190 | Baseline | −0.067 (0.04) | Baseline | −0.201 | Baseline | |
| Baseline | 0.016 (0.04) | Baseline | 0.068 (0.08) | Baseline | −0.140 | Baseline | −0.090 | |
| −0.029 (0.03) | −0.016 (0.03) | −0.044 (0.05) | 0.022 (0.05) | 0.122 | −0.018 (0.02) | 0.067 (0.03) | −0.023 (0.03) | |
| −0.020 (0.04) | Baseline | −0.074 (0.08) | Baseline | 0.136 | Baseline | 0.086 (0.05) | Baseline | |
| 0.013 (0.03) | 0.010 (0.03) | 0.007 (0.03) | 0.002 (0.03) | 0.064 | 0.062 | −0.030 (0.02) | −0.033 (0.02) | |
| 0.059 | 0.070 | 0.059 (0.05) | 0.073 (0.05) | 0.025 (0.03) | 0.031 (0.03) | 0.083 | 0.092 | |
| 0.072 (0.06) | 0.090 (0.06) | 0.035 (0.11) | 0.063 (0.11) | −0.079 (0.06) | −0.064 (0.06) | −0.161 | −0.143 | |
| 0.030 | 0.029 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.005 (0.01) | 0.005 (0.01) | |
| 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.198 | 0.197 | 0.001 (0.02) | 0.001 (0.02) | 0.187 | 0.187 | |
| −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.006 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.008 | |
| −0.176 | −0.177 | −0.042 (0.04) | −0.044 (0.04) | 0.022 (0.02) | 0.021 (0.02) | −0.039 (0.04) | −0.040 (0.04) | |
| -Baseline (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | Baseline (0.00) | -Baseline (0.00) | −0.003 | −0.003 | |
| Constant | 3.099 | 3.022 | −0.253 (0.18) | −0.442 | 1.297 | 1.429 | 2.076 | 1.975 |
| DV mean | 2,9 | |||||||
| DV SD | 1,0 | |||||||
| N | 7,861 | |||||||
| 0.1415 | 0.1477 | 0.1425 | 0.0922 | 0.0989 | 0.1038 | 0.1113 | 0.1158 | |
Note(s): *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01
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