OLS regression results with coefficients of all control variables – main EV = work from home
| Model I-A | Model I-B | Model II-A | Model II-B | Model III-A | Model III-B | Model IV-A | Model IV-B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual productivity | Job satisfaction | Socialization | Work-life balance | |||||
| Explanatory variables | ||||||||
| Work from home | −0.017 (0.05) | 0.064 (0.06) | −0.402*** (0.08) | −0.259* (0.10) | −0.445*** (0.04) | −0.392*** (0.05) | −0.059 (0.05) | 0.087 (0.06) |
| University vs home space quality | −0.379*** (0.02) | −0.169*** (0.03) | −0.475*** (0.02) | −0.104 (0.07) | −0.245*** (0.01) | −0.091*** (0.03) | −0.387*** (0.02) | −0.158*** (0.03) |
| Work from home x university vs home space quality | −0.287*** (0.04) | −0.507*** (0.09) | −0.210*** (0.04) | −0.032 (0.03) | −0.313*** (0.04) | |||
| Home office | −0.029 (0.02) | −0.039 (0.05) | 0.085 (0.05) | 0.065 (0.11) | −0.030 (0.02) | −0.047 (0.04) | 0.040 (0.05) | |
| Work from home x home office | 0.012 (0.06) | 0.024 (0.11) | 0.023 (0.06) | −0.103 (0.07) | ||||
| Controls | ||||||||
| North of Italy | 0.020 (0.03) | −0.082** (0.03) | −0.025 (0.05) | −0.067 (0.05) | −0.042 (0.02) | −0.100*** (0.03) | 0.023 (0.04) | 0.019 (0.03) |
| South of Italy | 0.099*** (0.03) | Baseline | 0.036 (0.06) | Baseline | 0.056 (0.03) | 0.001 (0.05) | ||
| Center of Italy | Baseline | −0.099*** (0.03) | Baseline | −0.037 (0.06) | −0.056 (0.03) | −0.001 (0.05) | ||
| Residence close to campus | −0.015 (0.02) | −0.015 (0.02) | −0.006 (0.04) | −0.005 (0.04) | −0.013 (0.02) | −0.013 (0.02) | −0.034 (0.02) | −0.034 (0.02) |
| Physical sciences | −0.214*** (0.04) | −0.000 (0.04) | 0.053 (0.06) | 0.257*** (0.06) | −0.069 (0.04) | 0.007 (0.04) | 0.105* (0.05) | 0.312*** (0.04) |
| Life sciences | −0.000 (0.04) | 0.225*** (0.04) | 0.092 (0.07) | 0.318*** (0.06) | 0.066 (0.04) | 0.150*** (0.03) | 0.165*** (0.05) | 0.383*** (0.04) |
| Civil engineering and architecture | 0.207*** (0.04) | 0.192*** (0.06) | 0.000 (.) | 0.071 (0.04) | 0.199*** (0.06) | |||
| Industrial engineering | −0.134* (0.05) | 0.076 (0.06) | 0.096 (0.09) | 0.293*** (0.09) | −0.013 (0.04) | 0.060 (0.04) | 0.111* (0.05) | 0.312*** (0.05) |
| Social sciences | −0.038 (0.04) | 0.174*** (0.04) | −0.019 (0.08) | 0.182*** (0.06) | 0.029 (0.05) | 0.104*** (0.04) | 0.071 (0.05) | 0.278*** (0.05) |
| Humanities | −0.205*** (0.04) | −0.189*** (0.06) | −0.070 (0.04) | −0.199*** (0.06) | ||||
| Full professor | 0.014 (0.04) | 0.063 (0.07) | −0.140*** (0.03) | −0.091* (0.04) | ||||
| Associate professor | −0.029 (0.03) | −0.013 (0.03) | −0.045 (0.05) | 0.021 (0.05) | 0.121*** (0.03) | −0.018 (0.02) | 0.067 (0.03) | −0.024 (0.03) |
| Researcher | −0.020 (0.04) | −0.073 (0.08) | 0.136*** (0.03) | 0.086 (0.04) | ||||
| Leadership role | 0.012 (0.03) | 0.011 (0.03) | 0.004 (0.03) | 0.003 (0.03) | 0.060*** (0.02) | 0.059*** (0.02) | −0.030 (0.02) | −0.032 (0.02) |
| Lab | 0.055* (0.02) | 0.059* (0.02) | 0.060 (0.05) | 0.067 (0.05) | 0.022 (0.02) | 0.025 (0.02) | 0.086*** (0.03) | 0.090*** (0.03) |
| Collaboration | 0.070 (0.06) | 0.084 (0.06) | 0.028 (0.11) | 0.053 (0.11) | −0.088 (0.06) | −0.078 (0.06) | −0.162* (0.06) | −0.146* (0.06) |
| Digital | 0.030*** (0.01) | 0.030*** (0.01) | 0.068*** (0.01) | 0.068*** (0.01) | 0.027*** (0.01) | 0.027*** (0.01) | 0.005 (0.01) | 0.004 (0.01) |
| Gender (1=male) | 0.115*** (0.02) | 0.118*** (0.02) | 0.190*** (0.04) | 0.195*** (0.04) | −0.008 (0.02) | −0.006 (0.02) | 0.187*** (0.02) | 0.189*** (0.02) |
| Age | −0.006*** (0.00) | −0.006*** (0.00) | −0.005* (0.00) | −0.006*** (0.00) | 0.007*** (0.00) | 0.007*** (0.00) | 0.009*** (0.00) | 0.008*** (0.00) |
| Children at home (y.o. 0–14) | −0.174*** (0.02) | −0.175*** (0.02) | −0.041 (0.04) | −0.043 (0.04) | 0.025 (0.02) | 0.024 (0.02) | −0.040 (0.04) | −0.041 (0.04) |
| Work from home_before Covid | −0.000 (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | −0.000 (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | 0.001 (0.00) | 0.000 (0.00) | −0.003*** (0.00) | −0.003*** (0.00) |
| Private office | 0.114*** (0.02) | 0.120*** (0.02) | 0.173*** (0.04) | 0.182*** (0.04) | 0.081*** (0.02) | 0.085*** (0.02) | 0.067* (0.03) | 0.072** (0.03) |
| Constant | 3.110*** (0.11) | 2.923*** (0.11) | 0.129 (0.15) | −0.202 (0.11) | 1.713*** (0.10) | 1.795*** (0.09) | 2.136*** (0.12) | 1.921*** (0.10) |
| DV mean | 2,9 | |||||||
| DV SD | 1,0 | |||||||
| N | 7,861 | |||||||
| R2 | 0.1417 | 0.1480 | 0.0877 | 0.0956 | 0.1047 | 0.1096 | 0.1111 | 0.1167 |
| Model I-A | Model I-B | Model II-A | Model II-B | Model III-A | Model III-B | Model IV-A | Model IV-B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −0.017 (0.05) | 0.064 (0.06) | −0.402 | −0.259 | −0.445 | −0.392 | −0.059 (0.05) | 0.087 (0.06) | |
| −0.379 | −0.169 | −0.475 | −0.104 (0.07) | −0.245 | −0.091 | −0.387 | −0.158 | |
| −0.287 | −0.507 | −0.210 | −0.032 (0.03) | −0.313 | ||||
| −0.029 (0.02) | −0.039 (0.05) | 0.085 (0.05) | 0.065 (0.11) | −0.030 (0.02) | −0.047 (0.04) | 0.040 (0.05) | ||
| 0.012 (0.06) | 0.024 (0.11) | 0.023 (0.06) | −0.103 (0.07) | |||||
| 0.020 (0.03) | −0.082 | −0.025 (0.05) | −0.067 (0.05) | −0.042 (0.02) | −0.100 | 0.023 (0.04) | 0.019 (0.03) | |
| 0.099 | Baseline | 0.036 (0.06) | Baseline | 0.056 (0.03) | 0.001 (0.05) | |||
| Baseline | −0.099 | Baseline | −0.037 (0.06) | −0.056 (0.03) | −0.001 (0.05) | |||
| −0.015 (0.02) | −0.015 (0.02) | −0.006 (0.04) | −0.005 (0.04) | −0.013 (0.02) | −0.013 (0.02) | −0.034 (0.02) | −0.034 (0.02) | |
| −0.214 | −0.000 (0.04) | 0.053 (0.06) | 0.257 | −0.069 (0.04) | 0.007 (0.04) | 0.105 | 0.312 | |
| −0.000 (0.04) | 0.225 | 0.092 (0.07) | 0.318 | 0.066 (0.04) | 0.150 | 0.165 | 0.383 | |
| 0.207 | 0.192 | 0.000 (.) | 0.071 (0.04) | 0.199 | ||||
| −0.134 | 0.076 (0.06) | 0.096 (0.09) | 0.293 | −0.013 (0.04) | 0.060 (0.04) | 0.111 | 0.312 | |
| −0.038 (0.04) | 0.174 | −0.019 (0.08) | 0.182 | 0.029 (0.05) | 0.104 | 0.071 (0.05) | 0.278 | |
| −0.205 | −0.189 | −0.070 (0.04) | −0.199 | |||||
| 0.014 (0.04) | 0.063 (0.07) | −0.140 | −0.091 | |||||
| −0.029 (0.03) | −0.013 (0.03) | −0.045 (0.05) | 0.021 (0.05) | 0.121 | −0.018 (0.02) | 0.067 (0.03) | −0.024 (0.03) | |
| −0.020 (0.04) | −0.073 (0.08) | 0.136 | 0.086 (0.04) | |||||
| 0.012 (0.03) | 0.011 (0.03) | 0.004 (0.03) | 0.003 (0.03) | 0.060 | 0.059 | −0.030 (0.02) | −0.032 (0.02) | |
| 0.055 | 0.059 | 0.060 (0.05) | 0.067 (0.05) | 0.022 (0.02) | 0.025 (0.02) | 0.086 | 0.090 | |
| 0.070 (0.06) | 0.084 (0.06) | 0.028 (0.11) | 0.053 (0.11) | −0.088 (0.06) | −0.078 (0.06) | −0.162 | −0.146 | |
| 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.068 | 0.068 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.005 (0.01) | 0.004 (0.01) | |
| 0.115 | 0.118 | 0.190 | 0.195 | −0.008 (0.02) | −0.006 (0.02) | 0.187 | 0.189 | |
| −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.006 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.008 | |
| −0.174 | −0.175 | −0.041 (0.04) | −0.043 (0.04) | 0.025 (0.02) | 0.024 (0.02) | −0.040 (0.04) | −0.041 (0.04) | |
| −0.000 (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | −0.000 (0.00) | −0.001 (0.00) | 0.001 (0.00) | 0.000 (0.00) | −0.003 | −0.003 | |
| 0.114 | 0.120 | 0.173 | 0.182 | 0.081 | 0.085 | 0.067 | 0.072 | |
| Constant | 3.110 | 2.923 | 0.129 (0.15) | −0.202 (0.11) | 1.713 | 1.795 | 2.136 | 1.921 |
| DV mean | 2,9 | |||||||
| DV SD | 1,0 | |||||||
| N | 7,861 | |||||||
| 0.1417 | 0.1480 | 0.0877 | 0.0956 | 0.1047 | 0.1096 | 0.1111 | 0.1167 | |
Note(s): *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01
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