Table 4 Log odds ratios from each...

Table 4

Log odds ratios from each sport’s regression models considering education and income

	NFL	College FB	MLB	NBA
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.537^**	−0.553^**	−0.671^***	−0.698^**
$25,000–49,999	−0.437^*	−0.386^*	−0.567^**	−0.427^*
$50,000–74,999	−0.421^*	−0.303	−0.243	−0.284
$75,000–99,999	−0.431^*	−0.375^*	−0.290	−0.380^*
$100,000–149,999	0.135	−0.118	−0.184	0.325^*
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−0.528^**	−0.726^***	−0.452^**	−0.845^***
Some college	−0.582^***	−0.717^***	−0.600^***	−1.208^***
Associate degree	−0.319	−0.506^**	−0.446^*	−0.934^***
4-year college degree	−0.412^**	−0.503^***	−0.298^*	−0.744^***
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	−0.543	0.245	−0.244	−1.224
Men	0.818^***	0.532^***	0.581^***	0.843^***
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	1.199^***	0.911^**	0.984^**	1.925^***
Asian	0.123	0.040	0.284	1.031^***
Black	0.408^*	0.379^*	0.179	1.418^***
Latinx	−0.011	0.019	0.501^**	1.045^***
Other	−0.932^**	−0.118	−0.807	0.137
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.129	0.085	0.089	0.227

	NFL	College FB	MLB	NBA
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.537^**	−0.553^**	−0.671^***	−0.698^**
$25,000–49,999	−0.437^*	−0.386^*	−0.567^**	−0.427^*
$50,000–74,999	−0.421^*	−0.303	−0.243	−0.284
$75,000–99,999	−0.431^*	−0.375^*	−0.290	−0.380^*
$100,000–149,999	0.135	−0.118	−0.184	0.325^*
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−0.528^**	−0.726^***	−0.452^**	−0.845^***
Some college	−0.582^***	−0.717^***	−0.600^***	−1.208^***
Associate degree	−0.319	−0.506^**	−0.446^*	−0.934^***
4-year college degree	−0.412^**	−0.503^***	−0.298^*	−0.744^***
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	−0.543	0.245	−0.244	−1.224
Men	0.818^***	0.532^***	0.581^***	0.843^***
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	1.199^***	0.911^**	0.984^**	1.925^***
Asian	0.123	0.040	0.284	1.031^***
Black	0.408^*	0.379^*	0.179	1.418^***
Latinx	−0.011	0.019	0.501^**	1.045^***
Other	−0.932^**	−0.118	−0.807	0.137
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.129	0.085	0.089	0.227

	MLS	NHL	Summer Ol	Winter Ol
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.921^***	−0.735^***	−0.070	−0.199
$25,000–49,999	−0.700^***	−0.581^**	0.095	0.116
$50,000–74,999	−0.537^**	−0.403^*	0.292	0.212
$75,000–99,999	−0.602^**	−0.353	0.095	0.101
$100,000–149,999	0.166	−0.014	−0.035	−0.019
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−0.976^***	−0.610^***	−0.813^***	−0.515^**
Some college	−1.439^***	−0.874^***	−0.419^*	−0.243
Associate degree	−1.270^***	−0.876^***	0.019	0.154
4-year college degree	−0.799^***	−0.588^***	0.032	0.012
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	0.069	0.589	−0.583	0.315
Men	0.557	0.642^***	−0.113	−0.247^*
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	1.853^***	1.521^***	−0.087	−0.089
Asian	0.818^***	0.414^**	−0.171	−0.106
Black	0.807^***	0.455^*	−0.001	−0.313
Latinx	1.095^***	0.415^*	−0.402^*	−0.567^**
Other	−0.238	−1.128^*	−0.512	−0.482
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.216	0.135	0.040	0.033

	MLS	NHL	Summer Ol	Winter Ol
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.921^***	−0.735^***	−0.070	−0.199
$25,000–49,999	−0.700^***	−0.581^**	0.095	0.116
$50,000–74,999	−0.537^**	−0.403^*	0.292	0.212
$75,000–99,999	−0.602^**	−0.353	0.095	0.101
$100,000–149,999	0.166	−0.014	−0.035	−0.019
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−0.976^***	−0.610^***	−0.813^***	−0.515^**
Some college	−1.439^***	−0.874^***	−0.419^*	−0.243
Associate degree	−1.270^***	−0.876^***	0.019	0.154
4-year college degree	−0.799^***	−0.588^***	0.032	0.012
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	0.069	0.589	−0.583	0.315
Men	0.557	0.642^***	−0.113	−0.247^*
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	1.853^***	1.521^***	−0.087	−0.089
Asian	0.818^***	0.414^**	−0.171	−0.106
Black	0.807^***	0.455^*	−0.001	−0.313
Latinx	1.095^***	0.415^*	−0.402^*	−0.567^**
Other	−0.238	−1.128^*	−0.512	−0.482
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.216	0.135	0.040	0.033

	F1	NASCAR	Men’s WC	EPL
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.336	−0.480	−0.635^*	−0.967^**
$25,000–49,999	−0.083	−0.215	−0.402	−0.904^***
$50,000–74,999	0.051	−0.239	−0.262	−0.369
$75,000–99,999	0.372	−0.374	−0.267	−0.248
$100,000–149,999	0.783^***	−0.084	0.220	0.431^*
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−0.248	−0.190	−0.659^**	−1.106^***
Some college	−0.770^***	−0.324	−0.716^***	−1.513^***
Associate degree	−1.214^***	−0.248	−0.964^***	−1.413^***
4-year college degree	−0.488^**	−0.489^**	−0.176	−0.672^***
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	0.511	0.512	−0.345	−19.445
Men	0.672^***	0.368^**	0.889^***	0.899^***
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	0.870^*	0.895^**	0.208	0.470
Asian	0.852^***	−0.105	0.625^***	0.494^*
Black	0.634^**	0.205	0.442	0.732^**
Latinx	0.376	−0.262	1.063^***	0.594^*
Other	−0.125	−1.207^*	0.405	0.156
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.128	0.043	0.130	0.215

	F1	NASCAR	Men’s WC	EPL
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.336	−0.480	−0.635^*	−0.967^**
$25,000–49,999	−0.083	−0.215	−0.402	−0.904^***
$50,000–74,999	0.051	−0.239	−0.262	−0.369
$75,000–99,999	0.372	−0.374	−0.267	−0.248
$100,000–149,999	0.783^***	−0.084	0.220	0.431^*
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−0.248	−0.190	−0.659^**	−1.106^***
Some college	−0.770^***	−0.324	−0.716^***	−1.513^***
Associate degree	−1.214^***	−0.248	−0.964^***	−1.413^***
4-year college degree	−0.488^**	−0.489^**	−0.176	−0.672^***
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	0.511	0.512	−0.345	−19.445
Men	0.672^***	0.368^**	0.889^***	0.899^***
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	0.870^*	0.895^**	0.208	0.470
Asian	0.852^***	−0.105	0.625^***	0.494^*
Black	0.634^**	0.205	0.442	0.732^**
Latinx	0.376	−0.262	1.063^***	0.594^*
Other	−0.125	−1.207^*	0.405	0.156
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.128	0.043	0.130	0.215

	WNBA	NCAA(M)	Women’s WC	MinorLB
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.519	−0.266	−0.914^**	−0.420
$25,000–49,999	−0.588^*	−0.138	−0.634^*	−0.585^*
$50,000–74,999	−0.429	0.280	−0.585^*	−0.338
$75,000–99,999	−0.568^*	0.000	−0.242	−0.517^*
$100,000–149,999	0.102	−0.189	0.069	0.089
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−1.101^***	−0.149	−0.577^*	−0.629^*
Some college	−0.945^***	0.024	−0.847^**	−0.768^**
Associate degree	−0.634^**	0.326	−0.560^*	−0.560^*
4-year college degree	−0.510^**	0.234	−0.164	−0.195
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	1.038	−18.627	−0.016	1.048
Men	−0.048	0.869^***	0.278	0.172
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	0.506	−0.178	−0.209	0.760
Asian	0.875^***	−0.180	0.738^***	0.411
Black	1.775^***	0.275	0.663^**	0.696^**
Latinx	0.637^**	−0.532	0.661^**	0.471
Other	−0.314	0.062	−0.523	−0.597
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.117	0.059	0.078	0.056

	WNBA	NCAA(M)	Women’s WC	MinorLB
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.519	−0.266	−0.914^**	−0.420
$25,000–49,999	−0.588^*	−0.138	−0.634^*	−0.585^*
$50,000–74,999	−0.429	0.280	−0.585^*	−0.338
$75,000–99,999	−0.568^*	0.000	−0.242	−0.517^*
$100,000–149,999	0.102	−0.189	0.069	0.089
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−1.101^***	−0.149	−0.577^*	−0.629^*
Some college	−0.945^***	0.024	−0.847^**	−0.768^**
Associate degree	−0.634^**	0.326	−0.560^*	−0.560^*
4-year college degree	−0.510^**	0.234	−0.164	−0.195
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	1.038	−18.627	−0.016	1.048
Men	−0.048	0.869^***	0.278	0.172
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	0.506	−0.178	−0.209	0.760
Asian	0.875^***	−0.180	0.738^***	0.411
Black	1.775^***	0.275	0.663^**	0.696^**
Latinx	0.637^**	−0.532	0.661^**	0.471
Other	−0.314	0.062	−0.523	−0.597
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.117	0.059	0.078	0.056

	La Liga	WTA	IndyCar	ATP
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.713	−0.829^*	−1.198^***	−0.640
$25,000–49,999	−0.614^*	−0.500^*	−0.541^*	−0.476
$50,000–74,999	−0.792^**	−0.925^***	−0.205	−0.675^*
$75,000–99,999	−0.157	−0.853^**	−0.589^*	−0.174
$100,000–149,999	0.578^**	−0.245	−0.275	0.122
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−1.269^***	−1.094^***	−0.301	−0.644^*
Some college	−1.368^***	−0.912^***	−0.070	−1.114^***
Associate degree	−1.573^***	−0.952^**	−0.567	−0.744^*
4-year college degree	−1.059^***	−0.427^*	−0.361	−0.451^*
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	−18.172	−0.079	0.861	−18.529
Men	1.113^***	−0.097	0.466^**	0.504^**
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	0.451	1.098^*	0.364	0.227
Asian	0.193	0.755^***	−0.037	0.686^**
Black	0.874^**	0.877^***	0.005	0.493
Latinx	1.568^***	0.009	0.070	−0.145
Other	−0.277	−0.903	−0.584	−0.356
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.239	0.091	0.047	0.092

	La Liga	WTA	IndyCar	ATP
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.713	−0.829^*	−1.198^***	−0.640
$25,000–49,999	−0.614^*	−0.500^*	−0.541^*	−0.476
$50,000–74,999	−0.792^**	−0.925^***	−0.205	−0.675^*
$75,000–99,999	−0.157	−0.853^**	−0.589^*	−0.174
$100,000–149,999	0.578^**	−0.245	−0.275	0.122
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−1.269^***	−1.094^***	−0.301	−0.644^*
Some college	−1.368^***	−0.912^***	−0.070	−1.114^***
Associate degree	−1.573^***	−0.952^**	−0.567	−0.744^*
4-year college degree	−1.059^***	−0.427^*	−0.361	−0.451^*
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	−18.172	−0.079	0.861	−18.529
Men	1.113^***	−0.097	0.466^**	0.504^**
Women	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	0.451	1.098^*	0.364	0.227
Asian	0.193	0.755^***	−0.037	0.686^**
Black	0.874^**	0.877^***	0.005	0.493
Latinx	1.568^***	0.009	0.070	−0.145
Other	−0.277	−0.903	−0.584	−0.356
White	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.239	0.091	0.047	0.092

	PGA	NCAA(W)	LigaMX	NWSL	LPGA
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.081	0.164	−0.059	−0.709	0.335
$25,000–49,999	0.518	0.013	−0.348	−0.285	0.577
$50,000–74,999	0.535	−0.074	0.131	−0.587	0.688
$75,000–99,999	0.437	−0.051	−0.256	−0.662	−0.088
$100,000–149,999	0.565^*	−0.059	0.643^*	0.167	0.707
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−0.580^*	−0.762^*	−0.558	−0.829^**	−0.748^*
Some college	−0.278	−0.596^*	−0.998^**	−1.184^***	−0.337
Associate degree	0.057	0.038	−0.379	−1.020^**	0.083
4-year college degree	−0.403	−0.116	−0.485	−0.574^*	−0.478
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	−18.306	−18.746	−18.529	−18.699	−17.612
Men	0.728^***	0.322	0.512^**	0.102	0.403
Women	–	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	−0.224	0.223	0.275	0.699	0.994
Asian	0.193	0.594^*	0.710^*	0.916^***	0.323
Black	0.059	1.305^***	1.067^***	1.139^***	0.500
Latinx	−0.672	0.412	1.944^***	0.635	0.359
Other	−0.732	−0.005	0.166	0.395	−17.709
White	–	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.055	0.050	0.119	0.081	0.045

	PGA	NCAA(W)	LigaMX	NWSL	LPGA
Household income
Less than $25,000	−0.081	0.164	−0.059	−0.709	0.335
$25,000–49,999	0.518	0.013	−0.348	−0.285	0.577
$50,000–74,999	0.535	−0.074	0.131	−0.587	0.688
$75,000–99,999	0.437	−0.051	−0.256	−0.662	−0.088
$100,000–149,999	0.565^*	−0.059	0.643^*	0.167	0.707
$150,000 or more	–	–	–	–	–
Education
HS diplomas or less	−0.580^*	−0.762^*	−0.558	−0.829^**	−0.748^*
Some college	−0.278	−0.596^*	−0.998^**	−1.184^***	−0.337
Associate degree	0.057	0.038	−0.379	−1.020^**	0.083
4-year college degree	−0.403	−0.116	−0.485	−0.574^*	−0.478
Graduate degree	–	–	–	–
Gender
Non-binary	−18.306	−18.746	−18.529	−18.699	−17.612
Men	0.728^***	0.322	0.512^**	0.102	0.403
Women	–	–	–	–	–
Race/ethnicity
Indigenous	−0.224	0.223	0.275	0.699	0.994
Asian	0.193	0.594^*	0.710^*	0.916^***	0.323
Black	0.059	1.305^***	1.067^***	1.139^***	0.500
Latinx	−0.672	0.412	1.944^***	0.635	0.359
Other	−0.732	−0.005	0.166	0.395	−17.709
White	–	–	–	–	–
Nagelkerke R²	0.055	0.050	0.119	0.081	0.045

Note(s): ^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001

Source(s): Table created by author

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