Table 1 Description of clusters by...

Table 1

Description of clusters by research indicators for each period

Cluster	Indicator	Unit	All years	Period
Cluster	Indicator	Unit	All years	2014–2016	2017–2019	2020–2021	2022–2023
Cluster 1	Air passengers/population	passenger/resident	20.86	25.38	30.56	9.91	10.47
	Nights in paid accommodation/area	night/1,000 m²	101.00	99.08	119.22	55.15	122.41
	Nights in paid accommodation/population	night/resident	22.88	23.76	27.69	10.76	26.44
	Overnight visits/population	visit/resident	6.63	6.81	8.15	3.07	7.61
	Total travel spends/GDP	US$1000/GDP	119.32	130.89	139.38	54.97	136.23
	Short-stay accommodation via online platforms*	Nights spent (million)	4.26	–	5.52	1.84	5.43
Cluster 2	Air passengers/population	passenger/resident	7.53	9.53	10.91	3.46	3.50
	Nights in paid accommodation/area	night/1,000 m²	60.43	64.69	74.04	22.39	71.67
	Nights in paid accommodation/population	night/resident	6.71	7.23	8.13	2.96	7.55
	Overnight visits/population	visit/resident	2.89	3.10	3.50	1.33	3.26
	Total travel spends/GDP	US$1000/GDP	48.79	53.10	53.44	26.23	57.89
	Short-stay accommodation via online platforms*	Nights spent (million)	2.58	–	3.45	1.21	3.06
Cluster 3	Air passengers/population	passenger/resident	4.51	5.14	6.76	2.31	2.40
	Nights in paid accommodation/area	night/1,000 m²	27.35	27.52	33.27	12.07	33.51
	Nights in paid accommodation/population	night/resident	3.17	3.15	3.89	1.41	3.89
	Overnight visits/population	visit/resident	1.57	1.59	1.94	0.70	1.86
	Total travel spends/GDP	US$1000/GDP	48.65	48.40	54.16	27.69	61.71
	Short-stay accommodation via online platforms	Nights spent (million)	2.04	–	2.56	0.88	2.68

Cluster	Indicator	Unit	All years	Period
Cluster	Indicator	Unit	All years	2014–2016	2017–2019	2020–2021	2022–2023
Cluster 1	Air passengers/population	passenger/resident	20.86	25.38	30.56	9.91	10.47
	Nights in paid accommodation/area	night/1,000 m²	101.00	99.08	119.22	55.15	122.41
	Nights in paid accommodation/population	night/resident	22.88	23.76	27.69	10.76	26.44
	Overnight visits/population	visit/resident	6.63	6.81	8.15	3.07	7.61
	Total travel spends/GDP	US$1000/GDP	119.32	130.89	139.38	54.97	136.23
	Short-stay accommodation via online platforms*	Nights spent (million)	4.26	–	5.52	1.84	5.43
Cluster 2	Air passengers/population	passenger/resident	7.53	9.53	10.91	3.46	3.50
	Nights in paid accommodation/area	night/1,000 m²	60.43	64.69	74.04	22.39	71.67
	Nights in paid accommodation/population	night/resident	6.71	7.23	8.13	2.96	7.55
	Overnight visits/population	visit/resident	2.89	3.10	3.50	1.33	3.26
	Total travel spends/GDP	US$1000/GDP	48.79	53.10	53.44	26.23	57.89
	Short-stay accommodation via online platforms*	Nights spent(million)	2.58	–	3.45	1.21	3.06
Cluster 3	Air passengers/population	passenger/resident	4.51	5.14	6.76	2.31	2.40
	Nights in paid accommodation/area	night/1,000 m²	27.35	27.52	33.27	12.07	33.51
	Nights in paid accommodation/population	night/resident	3.17	3.15	3.89	1.41	3.89
	Overnight visits/population	visit/resident	1.57	1.59	1.94	0.70	1.86
	Total travel spends/GDP	US$1000/GDP	48.65	48.40	54.16	27.69	61.71
	Short-stay accommodation via online platforms	Nights spent(million)	2.04	–	2.56	0.88	2.68

Notes:

*: Short-stay accommodation data was downloaded from EURSTAT and was available between 2018-2023. However, due to compatibility issues, it served only supplementary purpose and was not used in the ranking since it was not available for Dubrovnik, Edinburgh, Mallorca, and London. The rationale for this decision was to maintain the analysis of these four major locations experiencing overtourism

Source: Authors’ own construction

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