Table 2 Main literature of PEB in... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Main literature of PEB in tourism

Source	Concept of PEB	Theory	Factors	Methodology	Scale	Measurement	Main results	Future research
Onwezen et al. (2013)	“Western societies face increasing environmental problems, such as climate change and environmental, water and air pollution. Although it can be safely assumed that most people prefer to have a clean and healthy environment, there are temptations to act in environmentally unfriendly ways (e.g. wasting energy and littering). Because these environmental issues are associated with individual lifestyles.”	NAM	- Affective factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Awareness of consequences - Ascribed responsibility - Personal norm - Anticipated guilt - Anticipated pride - Environmentally – friendly buying behavior - Intention - Attitude - Social norms - Perceived behavioral control	NAM (Gärling et al., 2003, Bamberg et al., 2007) Anticipated pride and guilt (Kugler and Jones, 1992, Tracy and Robins, 2007) Environmentally – friendly buying behavior (Thøgersen and Ölander, 2003) TPB (Ajzen, 1991)	- Personal norms, social norms, and emotions affect the PEB	- Analyzing the relationship between personal norms and anticipated pride and guilt - The NAM variables would measure at a more specific level - Introduce a longitudinal, cross-lagged, and experimental research
Han and Hyun (2018)	“There is a general consensus that the normative process, which includes moral and social norms, the emotional process, which includes anticipated pride and guilt, and the habitual process, which includes the frequency of environmentally friendly behavior in everyday life, are central concepts in explaining travelers’ environmental choices and behavior.”	–	- Normative factors - Affective factors - Habitual factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Moral norm - Descriptive norm - Injunctive norm - Anticipated pride - Anticipated guilt - Water conservation behavior in everyday life - Towel reuse behavior in everyday life - Towel reuse intention at a hotel - Water conservation behavior in hotel	Not specified each construct (Ajzen, 1991, Bamberg et al., 2007, Han, 2014, Han and Hwang, 2017a, b, Hwang and Hyun, 2017, Lyu and Hwang, 2017, Onwezen et al., 2013, Perugini and Bagozzi, 2001, Smith et al., 2012, Untaru et al., 2016)	- Moral norm message and social norm factors in guest rooms can be a useful tool in inducing water and towels saving behavior - Anticipated pride and affect is an essential process to fortify guests’ intentions to conserve water and reuse towels	- Explore possible and effective ways in which sustainability programs can enhance the guest experience - Investigation of such green behavior at different service levels (i.e. luxury, upscale, midscale, and economy) and its drivers
Han et al. (2018a, bc)	“Pro-environmental behavior describes an action by an individual or group that promotes or results in the sustainable use of natural resources”	NAM	- Normative factors	Quantitative: PLS-SEM	- Personal norms - Environmental awareness - Environmental responsibility - Social norms - Pro-environmental behavioral intention - Social media engagement	Personal norms (Vining and Ebreo, 1992, Vandenbergh, 2005, Harland et al., 2007, Kiatkawsin and Han, 2017) Environmental awareness (Oreg and Katz-Gerro, 2006, Kiatkawsin and Han, 2017) Environmental responsibility (Zhang et al., 2014, Kiatkawsin and Han, 2017) Social norms (Rimal and Real, 2005, Han, 2015, Doran et al., 2017) Pro-environmental behavioral intention (Kiatkawsin and Han, 2017) Social media engagement (Lim et al., 2015, Narangajavana et al., 2017)	- Tourists with more environmental awareness and social norms tend to have the intention to act pro- environmentally	- Analyze the way in which people can be made to have a pro-environmental behavior more effectively through messages in tourist information - Analyze the impact of social networks on pro-environmental behavior or intentions in tourism
Liu et al. (2020)	“Pro-environmental behaviors can be defined as an act causing minimal damage to the environment, even beneficial to the environment.”	TPB	- Cognitive factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Environmental knowledge - New Environmental Paradigm - Environmental Behavior Intention - Pro-environmental behaviors	Environmental knowledge (Dayong and Chenyang, 2007, Xiao and Hong, 2010) New Environmental Paradigm (Dunlap et al., 2000) Environmental Behavior Intention (Bock et al., 2005, Tabernero and Hernández, 2011) Pro-environmental behaviors (Xiao and Hong, 2010, Goldman et al., 2006)	- Environmental knowledge has a significant positive impact on environmental attitudes - Attitudes towards the environment and pro-environmental behavior is a predictor of environmental behavioral intentions - Environmental attitudes play a central role in the transformation of environmental knowledge into behaviors	- Integrate environmental knowledge into a complete TPB model - The study measures general environmental knowledge, further research on specific environmental knowledge will supplement this research - Introduce a longitudinal or causal experiment research
Wang et al. (2020b)	“Tourists’pro-environmental hotel behavior is voluntary, and it may be driven by conscious environmental concerns”	–	- Normative factors - Cognitive factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Intrinsic religiosity - Extrinsic religiosity - Frugality consciousness - Connectedness to nature - Pro-environmental Behavioral Intention - Environmental concern	- Intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity (Bhuian et al., 2018, Raggiotto et al., 2018, Chang et al., 2019) - Connectedness to nature (Gosling and Williams, 2010, Rezapouraghdam et al., 2018) - Frugality consciousness (Roiland, 2016, Huang and Wang, 2018, Pan et al., 2019) - Environmental concern (Felix et al., 2018, Han et al., 2018a, b, c, Verma et al., 2019) - Pro-environmental Behavioral Intention (Wang et al., 2018, Han and Hyun, 2018)	- Tourists with intrinsic religiosity are more likely to consciously follow their religion doctrine and voluntarily engage in pro-environmental hotel behaviors - Tourists with intrinsic religiosity are more likely to have high levels of frugality consciousness, and connectedness to nature - The positive effect of intrinsic religiosity on tourists’ pro-environmental hotel behavior is strengthened as environmental concern increases	- Study PEB in different contexts because the article analyzed PEB in the context of hotels - Introduce new factors, such as empathy, habit, and emotion - Introduce a longitudinal experiment research
Wu et al. (2021b)	“PEB represents the behavior that minimizes the negative impacts of an individual’s action on the environment or that even benefits the environment. There are a variety of activities that can be deemed as PEBs including recycling, picking up litter, conserving energy, and volunteering time to conservation projects.”	MD NAM	- Normative factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Social influence - Moral obligation - Pro-environmental Behavioral Intention - Moral disengagement	- Social influence (Nolan et al., 2008, Göckeritz et al., 2010) - Moral obligation (Onwezen et al., 2013) - Pro-environmental Behavioral Intention (Hughes et al., 2011, Ramkissoon et al., 2013a) - Moral disengagement (Bandura et al., 1996, Moore et al., 2012)	- When tourists perceive that other people rarely adopt conservation behaviors, people adopt the PEB to a lesser extent - When tourists perceive that other people adopt conservation behaviors, people adopt the PEB to a greater extent - The promoting and inhibiting effect of moral obligation and moral disengagement, respectively, are almost equivalent to each other - Tourist with a high level of moral obligation toward environmental conservation is more likely to have PEB	- Establish a comparation between nature-based tourists and mainstream tourists - Explore the antecedents of moral disengagement or other interventions between moral variables and sustainable behavior - Establish a comparison between different cultures with the objective of observing the cross-cultural variations - Introduce a longitudinal research
Ribeiro et al. (2023)	“It is broadly defined as behaviors that not only limit negative impacts of an individual’s actions on the natural environment, but also promote or result in sustainable natural resource use (e.g. recycling, litter pick-up, saving energy, and volunteering for conservation projects)”	GCVs	- Cognitive factors	Quantitative: PLS-SEM	- Altruistic value - Ascribed responsibility - Attitude to PEB - Biospheric value - Egoistic value - Environmental concern - Green consumption value - Pro-environmental travel behavior - Willingness to sacrifice	- Altruistic value; biospheric value; and egoistic value (Van Riper and Kyle, 2014; Megeirhi et al., 2020) - Ascribed responsibility (De Groot and Steg, 2009; Landon et al., 2018) - Environmental concerns (Cordano et al., 2011; Han et al., 2015) - Attitude to PEB (Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; Han et al., 2015) - Willingness to sacrifice (Davis et al., 2011) - PEB (Han et al., 2015)	- The Gen Z cohort’s positive attitudes toward green travel practices and willingness to make sacrifices for the environment contribute significantly to their engagement in green travel behaviors - Gen Z tourists who highly value green consumption are more likely to have positive attitudes, express environmental concern and engage in green travel behavior - Values, ascribed responsibility, attitudes concerning the behavior, and willingness to sacrifice as determinants of PEB	- Establish a comparison between different cultures with the objective of observing the cross-cultural variations - Introduce new variables: environmental knowledge and big-five personality traits - Establish a comparison between different generational cohorts

Source	Concept of PEB	Theory	Factors	Methodology	Scale	Measurement	Main results	Future research
Onwezen et al. (2013)	“Western societies face increasing environmental problems, such as climate change and environmental, water and air pollution. Although it can be safely assumed that most people prefer to have a clean and healthy environment, there are temptations to act in environmentally unfriendly ways (e.g. wasting energy and littering). Because these environmental issues are associated with individual lifestyles.”	NAM	- Affective factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Awareness of consequences - Ascribed responsibility - Personal norm - Anticipated guilt - Anticipated pride - Environmentally – friendly buying behavior - Intention - Attitude - Social norms - Perceived behavioral control	NAM (Gärling et al., 2003, Bamberg et al., 2007)Anticipated pride and guilt (Kugler and Jones, 1992, Tracy and Robins, 2007)Environmentally – friendly buying behavior (Thøgersen and Ölander, 2003)TPB (Ajzen, 1991)	- Personal norms, social norms, and emotions affect the PEB	- Analyzing the relationship between personal norms and anticipated pride and guilt - The NAM variables would measure at a more specific level - Introduce a longitudinal, cross-lagged, and experimental research
Han and Hyun (2018)	“There is a general consensus that the normative process, which includes moral and social norms, the emotional process, which includes anticipated pride and guilt, and the habitual process, which includes the frequency of environmentally friendly behavior in everyday life, are central concepts in explaining travelers’ environmental choices and behavior.”	–	- Normative factors - Affective factors - Habitual factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Moral norm - Descriptive norm - Injunctive norm - Anticipated pride - Anticipated guilt - Water conservation behavior in everyday life - Towel reuse behavior in everyday life - Towel reuse intention at a hotel - Water conservation behavior in hotel	Not specified each construct (Ajzen, 1991, Bamberg et al., 2007, Han, 2014, Han and Hwang, 2017a, b, Hwang and Hyun, 2017, Lyu and Hwang, 2017, Onwezen et al., 2013, Perugini and Bagozzi, 2001, Smith et al., 2012, Untaru et al., 2016)	- Moral norm message and social norm factors in guest rooms can be a useful tool in inducing water and towels saving behavior - Anticipated pride and affect is an essential process to fortify guests’ intentions to conserve water and reuse towels	- Explore possible and effective ways in which sustainability programs can enhance the guest experience - Investigation of such green behavior at different service levels (i.e. luxury, upscale, midscale, and economy) and its drivers
Han et al. (2018a, bc)	“Pro-environmental behavior describes an action by an individual or group that promotes or results in the sustainable use of natural resources”	NAM	- Normative factors	Quantitative: PLS-SEM	- Personal norms - Environmental awareness - Environmental responsibility - Social norms - Pro-environmental behavioral intention - Social media engagement	Personal norms (Vining and Ebreo, 1992, Vandenbergh, 2005, Harland et al., 2007, Kiatkawsin and Han, 2017)Environmental awareness (Oreg and Katz-Gerro, 2006, Kiatkawsin and Han, 2017)Environmental responsibility (Zhang et al., 2014, Kiatkawsin and Han, 2017)Social norms (Rimal and Real, 2005, Han, 2015, Doran et al., 2017)Pro-environmental behavioral intention (Kiatkawsin and Han, 2017)Social media engagement (Lim et al., 2015, Narangajavana et al., 2017)	- Tourists with more environmental awareness and social norms tend to have the intention to act pro- environmentally	- Analyze the way in which people can be made to have a pro-environmental behavior more effectively through messages in tourist information - Analyze the impact of social networks on pro-environmental behavior or intentions in tourism
Liu et al. (2020)	“Pro-environmental behaviors can be defined as an act causing minimal damage to the environment, even beneficial to the environment.”	TPB	- Cognitive factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Environmental knowledge - New Environmental Paradigm - Environmental Behavior Intention - Pro-environmental behaviors	Environmental knowledge (Dayong and Chenyang, 2007, Xiao and Hong, 2010)New Environmental Paradigm (Dunlap et al., 2000)Environmental Behavior Intention (Bock et al., 2005, Tabernero and Hernández, 2011)Pro-environmental behaviors (Xiao and Hong, 2010, Goldman et al., 2006)	- Environmental knowledge has a significant positive impact on environmental attitudes - Attitudes towards the environment and pro-environmental behavior is a predictor of environmental behavioral intentions - Environmental attitudes play a central role in the transformation of environmental knowledge into behaviors	- Integrate environmental knowledge into a complete TPB model - The study measures general environmental knowledge, further research on specific environmental knowledge will supplement this research - Introduce a longitudinal or causal experiment research
Wang et al. (2020b)	“Tourists’pro-environmental hotel behavior is voluntary, and it may be driven by conscious environmental concerns”	–	- Normative factors - Cognitive factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Intrinsic religiosity - Extrinsic religiosity - Frugality consciousness - Connectedness to nature - Pro-environmental Behavioral Intention - Environmental concern	- Intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity (Bhuian et al., 2018, Raggiotto et al., 2018, Chang et al., 2019) - Connectedness to nature (Gosling and Williams, 2010, Rezapouraghdam et al., 2018) - Frugality consciousness (Roiland, 2016, Huang and Wang, 2018, Pan et al., 2019) - Environmental concern (Felix et al., 2018, Han et al., 2018a, b, c, Verma et al., 2019) - Pro-environmental Behavioral Intention (Wang et al., 2018, Han and Hyun, 2018)	- Tourists with intrinsic religiosity are more likely to consciously follow their religion doctrine and voluntarily engage in pro-environmental hotel behaviors - Tourists with intrinsic religiosity are more likely to have high levels of frugality consciousness, and connectedness to nature - The positive effect of intrinsic religiosity on tourists’ pro-environmental hotel behavior is strengthened as environmental concern increases	- Study PEB in different contexts because the article analyzed PEB in the context of hotels - Introduce new factors, such as empathy, habit, and emotion - Introduce a longitudinal experiment research
Wu et al. (2021b)	“PEB represents the behavior that minimizes the negative impacts of an individual’s action on the environment or that even benefits the environment. There are a variety of activities that can be deemed as PEBs including recycling, picking up litter, conserving energy, and volunteering time to conservation projects.”	MDNAM	- Normative factors	Quantitative: CB-SEM	- Social influence - Moral obligation - Pro-environmental Behavioral Intention - Moral disengagement	- Social influence (Nolan et al., 2008, Göckeritz et al., 2010) - Moral obligation (Onwezen et al., 2013) - Pro-environmental Behavioral Intention (Hughes et al., 2011, Ramkissoon et al., 2013a) - Moral disengagement (Bandura et al., 1996, Moore et al., 2012)	- When tourists perceive that other people rarely adopt conservation behaviors, people adopt the PEB to a lesser extent - When tourists perceive that other people adopt conservation behaviors, people adopt the PEB to a greater extent - The promoting and inhibiting effect of moral obligation and moral disengagement, respectively, are almost equivalent to each other - Tourist with a high level of moral obligation toward environmental conservation is more likely to have PEB	- Establish a comparation between nature-based tourists and mainstream tourists - Explore the antecedents of moral disengagement or other interventions between moral variables and sustainable behavior - Establish a comparison between different cultures with the objective of observing the cross-cultural variations - Introduce a longitudinal research
Ribeiro et al. (2023)	“It is broadly defined as behaviors that not only limit negative impacts of an individual’s actions on the natural environment, but also promote or result in sustainable natural resource use (e.g. recycling, litter pick-up, saving energy, and volunteering for conservation projects)”	GCVs	- Cognitive factors	Quantitative: PLS-SEM	- Altruistic value - Ascribed responsibility - Attitude to PEB - Biospheric value - Egoistic value - Environmental concern - Green consumption value - Pro-environmental travel behavior - Willingness to sacrifice	- Altruistic value; biospheric value; and egoistic value (Van Riper and Kyle, 2014; Megeirhi et al., 2020) - Ascribed responsibility (De Groot and Steg, 2009; Landon et al., 2018) - Environmental concerns (Cordano et al., 2011; Han et al., 2015) - Attitude to PEB (Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980; Han et al., 2015) - Willingness to sacrifice (Davis et al., 2011) - PEB (Han et al., 2015)	- The Gen Z cohort’s positive attitudes toward green travel practices and willingness to make sacrifices for the environment contribute significantly to their engagement in green travel behaviors - Gen Z tourists who highly value green consumption are more likely to have positive attitudes, express environmental concern and engage in green travel behavior - Values, ascribed responsibility, attitudes concerning the behavior, and willingness to sacrifice as determinants of PEB	- Establish a comparison between different cultures with the objective of observing the cross-cultural variations - Introduce new variables: environmental knowledge and big-five personality traits - Establish a comparison between different generational cohorts

Source(s): Own elaboration