Correlation matrix
| Variable(s) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR_policy (1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Framework (2) | 0.51*** | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| (<0.01) | ||||||||||||||||
| Foreign_sales (3) | 0.30*** | 0.24*** | 1 | |||||||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||||||||||||||
| LEV (4) | 0.12*** | 0.09*** | −0.00*** | 1 | ||||||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.83 | ||||||||||||||
| Profit (5) | −0.04** | −0.15*** | 0.10*** | −0.17*** | 1 | |||||||||||
| (<0.05) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||||||||||||
| Size (6) | 0.30*** | 0.41*** | 0.13*** | −0.05*** | −0.17*** | 1 | ||||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||||||||||
| MTB (7) | −0.06*** | −0.24*** | 0.08*** | 0.08*** | 0.37*** | −0.40*** | 1 | |||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||||||||||
| Analysts (8) | 0.36*** | 0.27*** | 0.17*** | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.49*** | 0.10*** | 1 | ||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.61 | 0.28 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||||||||
| AC_independence (9) | 0.04** | −0.07*** | −0.03* | 0.04* | −0.08*** | −0.01 | 0.08*** | 0.10*** | 1 | |||||||
| (<0.05) | (<0.01) | 0.14 | (<0.1) | (<0.01) | 0.53 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||||||||
| SH_right (10) | −0.03 | −0.04* | −0.05*** | 0.01 | −0.05*** | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.06*** | 0.06*** | 1 | ||||||
| 0.21 | (<0.1) | (<0.01) | 0.75 | (<0.01) | 0.23 | 0.64 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||||||
| CSR_committee (11) | 0.38*** | 0.34*** | 0.07*** | 0.09*** | −0.13*** | 0.25*** | −0.04** | 0.30*** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1 | |||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.05) | (<0.01) | 0.27 | 0.34 | |||||||
| Awards (12) | 0.26*** | 0.24*** | −0.07*** | 0.06** | −0.08*** | 0.21*** | −0.01 | 0.23*** | 0.08*** | 0.07*** | 0.24*** | 1 | ||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.53 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||||
| Diversity (13) | 0.03 | 0.07*** | 0.15*** | 0.01 | 0.11*** | 0.09*** | 0.04** | 0.08*** | −0.05*** | 0.01 | 0.09*** | 0.01 | 1 | |||
| 0.17 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.74 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.05) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.47 | (<0.01) | 0.51 | |||||
| Institution (14) | −0.05*** | −0.04** | 0.18*** | 0.01 | 0.15*** | −0.03* | 0.08*** | 0.05*** | −0.13*** | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.08*** | 0.13*** | 1 | ||
| (<0.01) | (<0.05) | (<0.01) | 0.61 | (<0.01) | (<0.1) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.91 | 0.31 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||
| GDP (15) | 0.00 | −0.08*** | 0.23*** | −0.03 | 0.14*** | −0.01 | 0.09*** | 0.05*** | −0.09*** | −0.04** | 0.06*** | −0.14*** | 0.21*** | 0.71*** | 1 | |
| 0.89 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.12 | (<0.01) | 0.53 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.05) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||
| Civil (16) | 0.23*** | 0.49*** | 0.10*** | 0.00 | −0.15*** | 0.26*** | −0.32*** | −0.01 | −0.20*** | −0.15*** | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.16*** | −0.17*** | 1 |
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.84 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.63 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.16 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) |
| Variable(s) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSR_policy (1) | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Framework (2) | 0.51 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| (<0.01) | ||||||||||||||||
| Foreign_sales (3) | 0.30 | 0.24 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||||||||||||||
| LEV (4) | 0.12 | 0.09 | −0.00 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.83 | ||||||||||||||
| Profit (5) | −0.04 | −0.15 | 0.10 | −0.17 | 1 | |||||||||||
| (<0.05) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||||||||||||
| Size (6) | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.13 | −0.05 | −0.17 | 1 | ||||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||||||||||
| MTB (7) | −0.06 | −0.24 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.37 | −0.40 | 1 | |||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||||||||||
| Analysts (8) | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.49 | 0.10 | 1 | ||||||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.61 | 0.28 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||||||||
| AC_independence (9) | 0.04 | −0.07 | −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.08 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 1 | |||||||
| (<0.05) | (<0.01) | 0.14 | (<0.1) | (<0.01) | 0.53 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||||||||
| SH_right (10) | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1 | ||||||
| 0.21 | (<0.1) | (<0.01) | 0.75 | (<0.01) | 0.23 | 0.64 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||||||
| CSR_committee (11) | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.07 | 0.09 | −0.13 | 0.25 | −0.04 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1 | |||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.05) | (<0.01) | 0.27 | 0.34 | |||||||
| Awards (12) | 0.26 | 0.24 | −0.07 | 0.06 | −0.08 | 0.21 | −0.01 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 1 | ||||
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.53 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||||
| Diversity (13) | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.08 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 1 | |||
| 0.17 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.74 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.05) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.47 | (<0.01) | 0.51 | |||||
| Institution (14) | −0.05 | −0.04 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.15 | −0.03 | 0.08 | 0.05 | −0.13 | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.08 | 0.13 | 1 | ||
| (<0.01) | (<0.05) | (<0.01) | 0.61 | (<0.01) | (<0.1) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.91 | 0.31 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | ||||
| GDP (15) | 0.00 | −0.08 | 0.23 | −0.03 | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.09 | 0.05 | −0.09 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.14 | 0.21 | 0.71 | 1 | |
| 0.89 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.12 | (<0.01) | 0.53 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.05) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | |||
| Civil (16) | 0.23 | 0.49 | 0.10 | 0.00 | −0.15 | 0.26 | −0.32 | −0.01 | −0.20 | −0.15 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.16 | −0.17 | 1 |
| (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.84 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.63 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.16 | (<0.01) | (<0.01) |
Note(s): All variable definitions are in Appendix. ***, ** and * represent statistical significance at the 1, 5 and 10% levels, respectively (two-tailed test)
Source(s): Table by author(s)
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