Table 3.

Correlation matrix

Variable(s)12345678910111213141516
CSR_policy (1)1               
Framework (2)0.51***1              
(<0.01)               
Foreign_sales (3)0.30***0.24***1             
(<0.01)(<0.01)              
LEV (4)0.12***0.09***−0.00***1            
(<0.01)(<0.01)0.83             
Profit (5)−0.04**−0.15***0.10***−0.17***1           
(<0.05)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)            
Size (6)0.30***0.41***0.13***−0.05***−0.17***1          
(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)           
MTB (7)−0.06***−0.24***0.08***0.08***0.37***−0.40***1         
(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)          
Analysts (8)0.36***0.27***0.17***0.010.020.49***0.10***1        
(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)0.610.28(<0.01)(<0.01)         
AC_independence (9)0.04**−0.07***−0.03*0.04*−0.08***−0.010.08***0.10***1       
(<0.05)(<0.01)0.14(<0.1)(<0.01)0.53(<0.01)(<0.01)        
SH_right (10)−0.03−0.04*−0.05***0.01−0.05***−0.02−0.010.06***0.06***1      
0.21(<0.1)(<0.01)0.75(<0.01)0.230.64(<0.01)(<0.01)       
CSR_committee (11)0.38***0.34***0.07***0.09***−0.13***0.25***−0.04**0.30***0.020.021     
(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.05)(<0.01)0.270.34      
Awards (12)0.26***0.24***−0.07***0.06**−0.08***0.21***−0.010.23***0.08***0.07***0.24***1    
(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)0.53(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)     
Diversity (13)0.030.07***0.15***0.010.11***0.09***0.04**0.08***−0.05***0.010.09***0.011   
0.17(<0.01)(<0.01)0.74(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.05)(<0.01)(<0.01)0.47(<0.01)0.51    
Institution (14)−0.05***−0.04**0.18***0.010.15***−0.03*0.08***0.05***−0.13***0.000.02−0.08***0.13***1  
(<0.01)(<0.05)(<0.01)0.61(<0.01)(<0.1)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)0.910.31(<0.01)(<0.01)   
GDP (15)0.00−0.08***0.23***−0.030.14***−0.010.09***0.05***−0.09***−0.04**0.06***−0.14***0.21***0.71***1 
0.89(<0.01)(<0.01)0.12(<0.01)0.53(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.05)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)  
Civil (16)0.23***0.49***0.10***0.00−0.15***0.26***−0.32***−0.01−0.20***−0.15***0.01−0.010.03−0.16***−0.17***1
(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)0.84(<0.01)(<0.01)(<0.01)0.63(<0.01)(<0.01)0.500.580.16(<0.01)(<0.01) 

Note(s): All variable definitions are in  Appendix. ***, ** and * represent statistical significance at the 1, 5 and 10% levels, respectively (two-tailed test)

Source(s): Table by author(s)

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