Table 2 Barriers to implement CE in CDWM...

Table 2

Barriers to implement CE in CDWM

Category	Barriers/Challenges	Reference
Regulatory and policy	Lack of incentives and supportive regulations	Herrador (2024), Ossio et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2021), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
	Inconsistent policies across regions	Herrador (2024), Papamichael et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Sharma et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2021), Purchase et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Limited enforcement of existing policies and waste management regulations	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Luciano et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Lack of clearly defined national goals, visions, and targets to adopt CE in CDW management	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Sharma et al. (2022), Mahpour (2018), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
Economic or Financial	Lack of funding and insufficient finance to implement circular economy	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Liu et al. (2021), Purchase et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	High initial investment and operating costs for recycling facilities	Han et al. (2024), Herrador (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Ding et al. (2023), Ramos et al. (2023a), Véliz et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021)
	Uncertain market demand for recycled material	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Lee et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), Luciano et al. (2022), Christensen et al. (2022), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
	Perceived financial risk and minimum profit margins	Véliz et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Mahpour (2018)
	Low landfill gate fee and inadequate strict rule for CDW disposal	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Herrador (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Purchase et al. (2021), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
Technology and Infrastructure	Lack of advanced recycling system and technologies	Herrador (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Kabirifar et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Difficulties in separating materials from construction and demolition wastes	Czekała et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021), Purchase et al. (2021)
	Limited availability of good quality and pure recycled materials	Kabirifar et al. (2023), Papamichael et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Luciano et al. (2022)
	Lack of infrastructure for waste management (i.e. collection, sorting, processing, and storage)	Herrador (2024), Zaman et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Ramos et al. (2023a), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
	Lack of advanced technology for tracing material flow	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Purchase et al. (2021), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
Cultural and Behavioral	Resistance to change from linear economy model to circular economy	Han et al. (2024), Lim et al. (2024), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Purchase et al. (2021)
	Minimum stakeholders’ collaboration and engagement	Herrador (2024), Zaman et al. (2023), Ossio et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Sharma et al. (2022)
	Lack of education and awareness about CE benefits	Lim et al. (2024), Zaman et al. (2023), Herrador (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Reluctance to use recycled materials due to quality issues	Lim et al. (2024), Zaman et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Papamichael et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021), Purchase et al. (2021), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
Design and Planning	Lack of proper integration of CE principles in building design	Lim et al. (2024), Kabirifar et al. (2023), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Lack of standardization in design for deconstruction and use of material	Kabirifar et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Sharma et al. (2022)
	Inadequate planning for end-of-life material uses and recovery	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Kabirifar et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021)
Logistic and Operational	Inefficient logistics for collection and transportation of CDW material	Herrador (2024), Kabirifar et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Luciano et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Lack of space for on-site sorting and storage of materials	Lim et al. (2024), Herrador (2024), Kabirifar et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Ramos et al. (2023a), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Complexity in managing and handling various types of CDW materials	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Ramos et al. (2023a), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Mahpour (2018)
Market and Supply Chain	Limited and undeveloped market for secondary raw materials	Lim et al. (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Herrador (2024), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b)
	Inconsistent supply and poor quality of recycled materials	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Luciano et al. (2022), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b)
	Availability of cheap virgin materials in the market	HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Papamichael et al. (2023), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Sharma et al. (2022)
	Fragmented supply chain of circular materials making coordination difficult	Herrador (2024), Luciano et al. (2022), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b)
Data and Information	Lack of reliable data on CDW generation and composition	Herrador (2024), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Torgautov et al. (2021), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Lack of information related to performance of recycled materials	Véliz et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Papamichael et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Purchase et al. (2021)
	Limited access to case studies and best practices	Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Purchase et al. (2021)

Category	Barriers/Challenges	Reference
Regulatory and policy	Lack of incentives and supportive regulations	Herrador (2024), Ossio et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2021), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
	Inconsistent policies across regions	Herrador (2024), Papamichael et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Sharma et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2021), Purchase et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Limited enforcement of existing policies and waste management regulations	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Luciano et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Lack of clearly defined national goals, visions, and targets to adopt CE in CDW management	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Sharma et al. (2022), Mahpour (2018), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
Economic or Financial	Lack of funding and insufficient finance to implement circular economy	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Liu et al. (2021), Purchase et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	High initial investment and operating costs for recycling facilities	Han et al. (2024), Herrador (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Ding et al. (2023), Ramos et al. (2023a), Véliz et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021)
	Uncertain market demand for recycled material	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Lee et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), Luciano et al. (2022), Christensen et al. (2022), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
	Perceived financial risk and minimum profit margins	Véliz et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Mahpour (2018)
	Low landfill gate fee and inadequate strict rule for CDW disposal	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Herrador (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Purchase et al. (2021), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
Technology and Infrastructure	Lack of advanced recycling system and technologies	Herrador (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Kabirifar et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Difficulties in separating materials from construction and demolition wastes	Czekała et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021), Purchase et al. (2021)
	Limited availability of good quality and pure recycled materials	Kabirifar et al. (2023), Papamichael et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Luciano et al. (2022)
	Lack of infrastructure for waste management (i.e. collection, sorting, processing, and storage)	Herrador (2024), Zaman et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Ramos et al. (2023a), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
	Lack of advanced technology for tracing material flow	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Purchase et al. (2021), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
Cultural and Behavioral	Resistance to change from linear economy model to circular economy	Han et al. (2024), Lim et al. (2024), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Purchase et al. (2021)
	Minimum stakeholders’ collaboration and engagement	Herrador (2024), Zaman et al. (2023), Ossio et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Sharma et al. (2022)
	Lack of education and awareness about CE benefits	Lim et al. (2024), Zaman et al. (2023), Herrador (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Lee et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Reluctance to use recycled materials due to quality issues	Lim et al. (2024), Zaman et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Papamichael et al. (2023), Véliz et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021), Purchase et al. (2021), Ghisellini et al. (2018)
Design and Planning	Lack of proper integration of CE principles in building design	Lim et al. (2024), Kabirifar et al. (2023), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Lack of standardization in design for deconstruction and use of material	Kabirifar et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Sharma et al. (2022)
	Inadequate planning for end-of-life material uses and recovery	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Kabirifar et al. (2023), Liu et al. (2021)
Logistic and Operational	Inefficient logistics for collection and transportation of CDW material	Herrador (2024), Kabirifar et al. (2023), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Luciano et al. (2022), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Lack of space for on-site sorting and storage of materials	Lim et al. (2024), Herrador (2024), Kabirifar et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Ramos et al. (2023a), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Complexity in managing and handling various types of CDW materials	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Ramos et al. (2023a), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Mahpour (2018)
Market and Supply Chain	Limited and undeveloped market for secondary raw materials	Lim et al. (2024), Gherman et al. (2023), Herrador (2024), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b)
	Inconsistent supply and poor quality of recycled materials	Swarnakar and Khalfan (2024), Luciano et al. (2022), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b)
	Availability of cheap virgin materials in the market	HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Papamichael et al. (2023), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b), Sharma et al. (2022)
	Fragmented supply chain of circular materials making coordination difficult	Herrador (2024), Luciano et al. (2022), Oluleye et al. (2022a, b)
Data and Information	Lack of reliable data on CDW generation and composition	Herrador (2024), HaitherAli and Anjali (2023), Torgautov et al. (2021), Liu et al. (2021), Mahpour (2018)
	Lack of information related to performance of recycled materials	Véliz et al. (2023), Zaman et al. (2023), Papamichael et al. (2023), Bhavsar et al. (2023), Purchase et al. (2021)
	Limited access to case studies and best practices	Shooshtarian et al. (2023), Gherman et al. (2023), Christensen et al. (2022), Purchase et al. (2021)

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