Table A1

Results of the feature selection tests

Model​Features​#Features​MeanAR2​MeanR2​MeanRMSE​
FS1 (Belgium)M0​Mean Transport Model​0​0.0000​0.0000​7403.69​
ForwardM1​[“GFA”]​1​0.3524​0.3709​5872.50​
ForwardM2​[“GFA”, “AvgHousePrice”]​2​0.3777​0.4133​5671.19​
ForwardM3​[“GFA”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Length”]​3​0.3830​0.4359​5560.79​
ForwardM4​[“GFA”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Length”, “AvgIncome”]​4​0.3884​0.4583​5448.97​
ForwardM5​[“GFA”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Length”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”]​5​0.4124​0.4963​5254.28​
BackwardM1​[“GFA”]​1​0.3524​0.3709​5872.50​
BackwardM2​[“GFA”, “AvgHousePrice”]​2​0.3777​0.4133​5671.19​
BackwardM3​[“GFA”, “PopDensity”, “AvgHousePrice”]​3​0.3808​0.4338​5570.75​
BackwardM4​[“GFA”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”]​4​0.3946​0.4638​5421.54​
BackwardM5​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”]​5​0.4124​0.4963​5254.28​
FS1 (Sweden)M0​Mean Transport Model​0​0.0000​0.0000​7069.43​
ForwardM1​[“Length”]​1​0.4269​0.4393​5293.42​
ForwardM2​[“Length”, “GFA”]​2​0.4472​0.4712​5140.83​
ForwardM3​[“Length”, “GFA”, “PopDensity”]​3​0.4391​0.4757​5119.02​
Backward​M1​[“Length”]​1​0.4269​0.4393​5293.42​
Backward​M2​[“GFA”, “Length”]​2​0.4472​0.4712​5140.83​
Backward​M3​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”]​3​0.4391​0.4757​5119.02​
FS2 (Belgium)M0​Mean Transport Model​0​0.0000​0.0000​7403.69​
ForwardM0​Mean Transport Model​0​0.0000​0.0000​7403.69​
ForwardM1​[“GFA”]​1​0.3524​0.3709​5872.50​
ForwardM2​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”]​2​0.3944​0.4290​5594.73​
ForwardM3​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”]​3​0.4073​0.4581​5450.15​
ForwardM4​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”]​4​0.4252​0.4909​5282.46​
ForwardM5​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”]​5​0.4400​0.5200​5129.62​
ForwardM6​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”]​6​0.4567​0.5498​4967.39​
ForwardM7​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”]​7​0.4600​0.5680​4866.33​
ForwardM8​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Offices”]​8​0.4663​0.5883​4750.53​
ForwardM9​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Mixed”]​9​0.5107​0.6365​4463.47​
ForwardM10​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Mixed”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”]​10​0.5045​0.6461​4404.67​
ForwardM11​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Mixed”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZAdmin”]​11​0.4978​0.6556​4344.66​
ForwardM12​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Mixed”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZTransPort”]​12​0.4833​0.6605​4314.10​
ForwardM13​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Mixed”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “EC_Yes”]​13​0.4616​0.6616​4307.16​
ForwardM14​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Mixed”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “EC_Yes”, “LU_AfZir”]​14​0.4364​0.6619​4305.21​
ForwardM15​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Mixed”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “EC_Yes”, “LU_AfZir”, “Length”]​15​0.4090​0.6623​4302.55​
ForwardM16​[“GFA”, “Type_Other”, “AvgHousePrice”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “Type_Residential”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Mixed”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “EC_Yes”, “LU_AfZir”, “Length”, “LU_AfZHabitat”]​16​0.3779​0.6623​4302.55​
BackwardM1​[“GFA”]​1​0.3524​0.3709​5872.50​
BackwardM2​[“GFA”, “Type_Offices”]​2​0.3639​0.4003​5733.56​
BackwardM3​[“GFA”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”]​3​0.3714​0.4253​5612.71​
BackwardM4​[“GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”]​4​0.4490​0.5119​5172.35​
BackwardM5​[“GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”]​5​0.5053​0.5760​4820.90​
BackwardM6​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”]​6​0.5197​0.6021​4670.47​
BackwardM7​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”]​7​0.5312​0.6249​4534.24​
BackwardM8​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”]​8​0.5281​0.6360​4466.93​
BackwardM9​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”]​9​0.5344​0.6541​4354.39​
BackwardM10​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”]​10​0.5239​0.6599​4317.63​
BackwardM11​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​11​0.5057​0.6611​4310.30​
BackwardM12​[“GFA”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​12​0.4849​0.6615​4307.60​
BackwardM13​[“GFA”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZir”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​13​0.4621​0.6619​4305.21​
BackwardM14​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZir”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​14​0.4371​0.6623​4302.57​
BackwardM15​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZir”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​15​0.4090​0.6623​4302.55​
BackwardM16​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZir”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​16​0.3779​0.6623​4302.55​
FS2 (Sweden)M0​Mean Transport Model​0​0.0000​0.0000​7069.43​
ForwardM1​[“Type_Hospital”]​1​0.6340​0.6420​4229.98​
ForwardM2​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”]​2​0.7266​0.7385​3615.34​
ForwardM3​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”]​3​0.7259​0.7437​3578.77​
ForwardM4​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”]​4​0.7229​0.7470​3555.92​
ForwardM5​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”, “Type_Offices”]​5​0.7170​0.7478​3550.52​
ForwardM6​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”, “Type_Offices”, “PopDensity”]​6​0.7106​0.7483​3546.66​
ForwardM7​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”, “Type_Offices”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Other”]​7​0.7035​0.7486​3544.67​
ForwardM8​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”, “Type_Offices”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Other”, “EC_Yes”]​8​0.6959​0.7488​3543.42​
BackwardM0​Mean Transport Model​0​0.0000​0.0000​7069.43​
BackwardM1​[“Type_Hospital”]​1​0.6340​0.6420​4229.98​
BackwardM2​[“GFA”, “Type_Hospital”]​2​0.7266​0.7385​3615.34​
BackwardM3​[“GFA”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”]​3​0.7259​0.7437​3578.77​
BackwardM4​[“GFA”, “Length”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”]​4​0.7229​0.7470​3555.92​
BackwardM5​[“GFA”, “Length”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”]​5​0.7170​0.7478​3550.52​
BackwardM6​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”]​6​0.7106​0.7483​3546.66​
BackwardM7​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”]​7​0.7035​0.7486​3544.67​
BackwardM8​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “EC_Yes”]​8​0.6959​0.7488​3543.42​
FS3 (Belgium)M0​Mean Transport Model​0​0.0000​0.0000​7403.69​
ForwardM1​[“Type_Other”]​1​0.4633​0.4787​5345.68​
ForwardM2​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”]​2​0.5139​0.5417​5012.19​
ForwardM3​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”]​3​0.5498​0.5884​4749.88​
ForwardM4​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”]​4​0.5632​0.6131​4604.95​
ForwardM5​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”]​5​0.5806​0.6405​4438.98​
ForwardM6​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”]​6​0.6057​0.6733​4231.68​
ForwardM7​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”]​7​0.6102​0.6882​4134.34​
ForwardM8​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”, “Type_Mixed”]​8​0.6085​0.6980​4068.68​
ForwardM9​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”]​9​0.6697​0.7546​3667.36​
ForwardM10​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”]​10​0.6677​0.7627​3606.85​
ForwardM11​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZTransPort”]​11​0.6668​0.7715​3538.98​
ForwardM12​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “EC_Yes”]​12​0.6614​0.7775​3492.35​
ForwardM13​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “EC_Yes”, “LU_AfZHabitat”]​13​0.6551​0.7832​3447.20​
ForwardM14​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “EC_Yes”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “LU_AfZir”]​14​0.6393​0.7836​3444.22​
ForwardM15​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “EC_Yes”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “LU_AfZir”, “LU_AfZAdmin”]​15​0.6223​0.7842​3439.38​
ForwardM16​[“Type_Other”, “GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “PopDensity”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Residential”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “EC_Yes”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “LU_AfZir”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “Length”]​16​0.6033​0.7847​3435.68​
BackwardM1​[“GFA”]​1​0.3524​0.3709​5872.50​
BackwardM2​[“GFA”, “Type_Mixed”]​2​0.4021​0.4363​5558.68​
BackwardM3​[“GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”]​3​0.4432​0.4910​5282.36​
BackwardM4​[“GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”]​4​0.5474​0.5991​4687.82​
BackwardM5​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Residential”]​5​0.5946​0.6525​4364.19​
BackwardM6​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”]​6​0.6338​0.6966​4078.19​
BackwardM7​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”]​7​0.6643​0.7315​3836.69​
BackwardM8​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “EC_Yes”]​8​0.6715​0.7466​3727.01​
BackwardM9​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “EC_Yes”]​9​0.6790​0.7616​3615.26​
BackwardM10​[“GFA”, “AvgIncome”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “EC_Yes”]​10​0.6766​0.7690​3558.30​
BackwardM11​[“GFA”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “EC_Yes”]​11​0.6689​0.7729​3527.92​
BackwardM12​[“GFA”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “EC_Yes”]​12​0.6623​0.7781​3487.96​
BackwardM13​[“GFA”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​13​0.6551​0.7832​3447.20​
BackwardM14​[“GFA”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZir”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​14​0.6393​0.7836​3444.22​
BackwardM15​[“GFA”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZir”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​15​0.6223​0.7842​3439.38​
BackwardM16​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “AvgIncome”, “AvgHousePrice”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “Type_Residential”, “LU_AfZFMixite”, “LU_AfZTransPort”, “LU_AfZir”, “LU_AfZHabitat”, “LU_AfZAdmin”, “LU_AfZIndustrie”, “EC_Yes”]​16​0.6033​0.7847​3435.68​
FS3 (Sweden)M0​Mean Transport Model​0​0.0000​0.0000​7069.43​
ForwardM1​[“Type_Hospital”]​1​0.7388​0.7444​3573.85​
ForwardM2​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”]​2​0.8067​0.8151​3039.60​
ForwardM3​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”]​3​0.8072​0.8197​3001.40​
ForwardM4​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”]​4​0.8040​0.8210​2990.96​
ForwardM5​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”, “Type_Offices”]​5​0.8008​0.8225​2978.60​
ForwardM6​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”, “Type_Offices”, “PopDensity”]​6​0.7969​0.8234​2971.06​
ForwardM7​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”, “Type_Offices”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Other”]​7​0.7923​0.8239​2966.91​
ForwardM8​[“Type_Hospital”, “GFA”, “Type_Mixed”, “Length”, “Type_Offices”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Other”, “EC_Yes”]​8​0.7872​0.8242​2964.30​
BackwardM1​[“Type_Hospital”]​1​0.7388​0.7444​3573.85​
BackwardM2​[“GFA”, “Type_Hospital”]​2​0.8067​0.8151​3039.60​
BackwardM3​[“GFA”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”]​3​0.8072​0.8197​3001.40​
BackwardM4​[“GFA”, “Length”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”]​4​0.8040​0.8210​2990.96​
BackwardM5​[“GFA”, “Length”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”]​5​0.8008​0.8225​2978.60​
BackwardM6​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”]​6​0.7969​0.8234​2971.06​
BackwardM7​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”]​7​0.7923​0.8239​2966.91​
BackwardM8​[“GFA”, “Length”, “PopDensity”, “Type_Hospital”, “Type_Mixed”, “Type_Offices”, “Type_Other”, “EC_Yes”]​8​0.7872​0.8242​2964.30​

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