Main categories and subcategories of bystander behavior
| Main category | Subcategory |
|---|---|
| Active constructive |
|
| Passive constructive |
|
| Passive destructive |
|
| Main category | Subcategory |
|---|---|
| Active constructive | Defending the victim Intervening directly or subtly |
| Passive constructive | Talking with the victim Showing empathy, social support |
| Passive destructive | Avoiding Ignoring |
Source(s): Authors' own work
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