Table 1

Remittances, savings, education and growth: system GMM estimation with lagged explanatory variables

Variables(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
ΔlnGDPCit–1−0.0157**−0.0163**−0.0177**−0.0169**−0.0181**
(0.0103)(0.0104)(0.0106)(0.0106)(0.0102)
[REMIT/GDP]it–50.0208***0.0446***0.0128***0.0183***0.0504***
(0.0022)(0.0029)(0.0025)(0.0032)(0.0045)
[SAV/GDP]it–5 0.0032* 0.0049** 
 (0.0017) (0.0021) 
LNCOMMODPXit0.0400**0.0408**0.0395**0.0396**0.0404**
(0.0190)(0.0190)(0.0186)(0.0189)(0.0184)
POLREGIMEit0.0227***0.0225***0.0214***0.0212***0.0197***
(0.0060)(0.0057)(0.0062)(0.0055)(0.0069)
[AID/GDP]it0.00340.0033*0.00340.0034*0.0037
(0.0030)(0.0021)(0.0030)(0.0021)(0.0031)
[EXTDEBT/GDP]it−0.0392***−0.0353***−0.0416***−0.0352***−0.0392***
(0.0095)(0.0094)(0.0083)(0.0097)(0.0082)
[FINDEVT/GDP]it−0.0030−0.0025*−0.0044−0.0026*−0.0046*
(0.0028)(0.0016)(0.0032)(0.0017)(0.0028)
INFLit−0.0077**−0.0051−0.0092***−0.0040−0.0095***
(0.0036)(0.0055)(0.0031)(0.0054)(0.0031)
EDUit–5  0.0090** 0.0079*
  (0.0039) (0.0040)
[REMIT*SAV/GDP]it–5   0.0012** 
   (0.0005) 
[REMIT*EDU]it–5    0.0026**
    (0.0010)
Constant−0.144**−0.143**−0.140**−0.136**−0.147**
(0.0655)(0.0627)(0.0648)(0.0624)(0.0654)
Observations966966966966966
No. of countries2323232323
AR(1) p-value0.0000.0000.0000.0000.000
AR(2) p-value0.4320.4520.4750.4970.468

Note(s): ***, ** and * denote significance at 1, 5 and 10% levels, respectively; values in ( ) are robust standard errors

Source(s): Authors, 2024

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