Table 2

Remittances, savings, education and growth: system GMM estimation with current levels of explanatory variables

Variables(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
ChlngdpcChlngdpcChlngdpcChlngdpcChlngdpc
ΔlnGDPCit–1−0.0136−0.0148−0.0154*−0.0137−0.0167*
(0.0104)(0.0108)(0.0105)(0.0104)(0.0109)
[REMIT/GDP]it0.01720.02140.0855***0.05410.0713***
(0.0228)(0.0353)(0.0252)(0.0405)(0.0264)
[SAV/GDP]it 0.0051 0.013 
 (0.0354) (0.0419) 
LNCOMMODPXit0.0443**0.0441**0.0438**0.0428**0.0465***
(0.0177)(0.0195)(0.0173)(0.0201)(0.0178)
POLREGIMEit0.0223***0.0220***0.0210***0.0216***0.0168***
(0.0055)(0.0056)(0.0056)(0.0055)(0.0057)
[AID/GDP]it0.00330.00330.00330.00340.0034
(0.00289)(0.00288)(0.00288)(0.000286)(0.00287)
[EXTDEBT/GDP]it−0.0320***−0.0334***−0.0327***−0.0332***−0.0363***
(0.0097)(0.0100)(0.0090)(0.0010)(0.0089)
[FINDEVT/GDP]it−0.0260−0.0263−0.0405−0.0233−0.0452
(0.0439)(0.0445)(0.0459)(0.0450)(0.0395)
INFLit0.0083**0.00790.0090***0.00660.00047
(0.0037)(0.0049)(0.0034)(0.0055)(0.0039)
EDUit  0.0814* 0.0658**
  (0.0392) (0.0264)
[REMIT*SAV/GDP]it   0.0066** 
   (0.0026) 
[REMIT*EDU]it    0.0034***
    (0.0011)
Constant−0.164**−0.165**−0.164**−0.159*−0.179**
(0.0813)(0.0838)(0.0801)(0.0863)(0.0842)
Observations1,0351,0351,0351,0351,035
No. of countries2323232323
AR(1) p-value     
AR(2) p-value     

Note(s): ***, ** and * denote significance at 1, 5 and 10% levels, respectively; values in ( ) are robust standard errors

Source(s): Authors, 2024

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