Table 1 Variables used in regression... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Variables used in regression analysis

Variables	Variables name	Definition	References
Dependent variables
CR	Credit risk	Non-performing loan/Total outstanding loans	Kolapo et al. (2012) and Nguyen et al. (2018)
Independent variable
Research variables
SO	State ownership	The percentage of state ownership in banks	Boubakri et al. (2013), Khaw et al. (2016) and Tran (2020)
FO	Foreign ownership	The percentage of foreign shareholders’ ownership in banks	Vo and Mai (2017), Nguyen et al. (2020) and Tran (2020)
OC	Ownership concentration	The ownership ratio of the largest shareholder in banks	Wen and Jia (2010) and Agusman et al. (2014)
OC × FO_LEADER	Interactive variable	FO_LEADER: A dummy variable that equals 1 if banks have foreign board members and zero otherwise	Authors’ proposal
OC × LIST	Interactive variable	LIST: A dummy variable that equals 1 if banks are listed on the HOSE or HNX and zero otherwise	Authors’ proposal
Control variables
SIZE	Bank size	The natural logarithm of total assets	Tabak et al. (2012)
EA	Equity ratio	Equity/Total assets	Ayaydin and Karakaya (2014) and Jabra et al. (2017)
GDP	Economic growth	The growth rate of GDP	Messai and Jouini (2013)
INF	Inflation	The inflation rate	Boyd et al. (2001) and Castro (2013)

Variables	Variables name	Definition	References
Dependent variables
CR	Credit risk	Non-performing loan/Total outstanding loans	Kolapo et al. (2012) and Nguyen et al. (2018)
Independent variable
Research variables
SO	State ownership	The percentage of state ownership in banks	Boubakri et al. (2013), Khaw et al. (2016) and Tran (2020)
FO	Foreign ownership	The percentage of foreign shareholders’ ownership in banks	Vo and Mai (2017), Nguyen et al. (2020) and Tran (2020)
OC	Ownership concentration	The ownership ratio of the largest shareholder in banks	Wen and Jia (2010) and Agusman et al. (2014)
OC × FO_LEADER	Interactive variable	FO_LEADER: A dummy variable that equals 1 if banks have foreign board members and zero otherwise	Authors’ proposal
OC × LIST	Interactive variable	LIST: A dummy variable that equals 1 if banks are listed on the HOSE or HNX and zero otherwise	Authors’ proposal
Control variables
SIZE	Bank size	The natural logarithm of total assets	Tabak et al. (2012)
EA	Equity ratio	Equity/Total assets	Ayaydin and Karakaya (2014) and Jabra et al. (2017)
GDP	Economic growth	The growth rate of GDP	Messai and Jouini (2013)
INF	Inflation	The inflation rate	Boyd et al. (2001) and Castro (2013)

Source(s): Synthesized by the author group (2024)