Table 1.

Summary of geotechnical impacts on underground transport systems due to flooding and seepage events

LocationYearEvent descriptionGeotechnical impactsSource
Kharkiv, Ukraine2018Continuous seepage near shallow metro stationsRisk of subsidence and localised soil collapse threatening shallow tunnel structuresIegupov et al., 2018 
New Delhi, India2021Urban flash flooding during monsoon seasonTunnel collapse due to saturated soil layers and liquefaction effectsVandanapu et al., 2016 
Holderness, UK2023Rapid erosion of coastal cliffs along the Holderness coast due to rising sea levelsLoss of coastal land, instability of slopes, and undermining of infrastructure foundationsNowell, 2023 
Milan, Italy2023Groundwater infiltration during localised floodingElectrical system failures and long-term groundwater infiltration risks increased maintenance challengesSartirana et al., 2022 
Tokyo, Japan2019Flooding in metro systems during heavy rainfallSeepage pressure damaged retaining walls and caused excessive water logging in metro tunnelsMishra, 2019 
Shanghai, China2024Heavy rainfall overwhelmed drainage systemsWater infiltration weakened tunnel linings and caused structural deformation due to increased hydrostatic pressureDeng et al., 2016 
Izmir, Turkey2024Torrential rain and urban runoffSurface erosion and water ingress compromised structural foundations of metro stationsSalata et al., 2022 
Turin, Italy2024Intense convective rainfallGround settlement destabilised underground tunnels, necessitating the deployment of early warning systemsHardin, 2014 
Venice, Italy2024Storm surges and rising sea levelsSaltwater infiltration degraded concrete linings and caused subsidence in underground drainage systemsAllegri et al., 2024 
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