Questionnaire constructs and items
| Variable | Item | |
|---|---|---|
| Digital entrepreneurial intention (adapted from Linan and Chen, 2009) | DEI1 | I am ready to do anything to be a digital entrepreneur |
| DEI2 | My professional goal is to become a digital entrepreneur | |
| DEI3 | I will make every effort to start and run my own digital firm | |
| DEI4 | I am determined to create a digital firm in the future | |
| DEI5 | I have very seriously thought about starting a digital firm | |
| DEI6 | I have the digital firm intention to start a firm someday | |
| Self-efficacy (adapted from Zhao et al., 2005) | SEF1 | I am convinced that I can successfully discover new digital business opportunities |
| SEF2 | I am convinced that I can successfully create new products | |
| SEF3 | I am convinced that I can think creatively | |
| SEF4 | I am convinced that I can successfully commercialize ideas | |
| Challenge motivation (adapted from Amabile et al., 1994) | CHM1 | I enjoy tackling problems that are completely new to me |
| CHM2 | I like to try to solve the complex problems that digital entrepreneurship may encounter | |
| CHM3 | The more difficult the digital entrepreneurial problem, the more I enjoy trying to solve it | |
| CHM4 | Digital entrepreneurship can increase knowledge and skills | |
| CHM5 | Curiosity is the main motivation that drives me to start a digital business | |
| Enjoyment motivation (adapted from Amabile et al., 1994) | ENM1 | I want to know how well I can do in digital entrepreneurship |
| ENM2 | I like to solve problems by myself | |
| ENM3 | The most important thing for me is to enjoy my digital entrepreneurial process | |
| ENM4 | As long as I feel that I have gained a new experience, I will be satisfied regardless of the results of digital entrepreneurship | |
| ENM5 | I am more comfortable when I can set myself goals for digital entrepreneurship | |
| Compensation motivation (adapted from Amabile et al., 1994) | CPM1 | The income from digital entrepreneurship can motivate me |
| CPM2 | If I participate in a digital business competition, I will realize my goal | |
| CPM3 | I will consider subsidies or bonuses provided by the government or a competition for digital entrepreneurship | |
| CPM4 | I realize that the government provides subsidies for digital entrepreneurship | |
| CPM5 | I care about the rewards for digital entrepreneurship | |
| Outward motivation (adapted from Amabile et al., 1994) | OWM1 | I believe digital entrepreneurship can be recognized by others |
| OWM2 | I hope other people understand how well I can do in digital entrepreneurship | |
| OWM3 | To me, success means doing better than other people | |
| OWM4 | I think it is meaningless if no one knows how well I’ve done | |
| OWM5 | I’m concerned about how other people are going to react to my ideas | |
| OWM6 | I care more about the sense of accomplishment I can get in this job than about what I do | |
| OWM7 | I’m worried about what others think of my choice of digital entrepreneurship | |
| Variable | Item | |
|---|---|---|
| Digital entrepreneurial intention (adapted from | DEI1 | I am ready to do anything to be a digital entrepreneur |
| DEI2 | My professional goal is to become a digital entrepreneur | |
| DEI3 | I will make every effort to start and run my own digital firm | |
| DEI4 | I am determined to create a digital firm in the future | |
| DEI5 | I have very seriously thought about starting a digital firm | |
| DEI6 | I have the digital firm intention to start a firm someday | |
| Self-efficacy (adapted from | SEF1 | I am convinced that I can successfully discover new digital business opportunities |
| SEF2 | I am convinced that I can successfully create new products | |
| SEF3 | I am convinced that I can think creatively | |
| SEF4 | I am convinced that I can successfully commercialize ideas | |
| Challenge motivation (adapted from | CHM1 | I enjoy tackling problems that are completely new to me |
| CHM2 | I like to try to solve the complex problems that digital entrepreneurship may encounter | |
| CHM3 | The more difficult the digital entrepreneurial problem, the more I enjoy trying to solve it | |
| CHM4 | Digital entrepreneurship can increase knowledge and skills | |
| CHM5 | Curiosity is the main motivation that drives me to start a digital business | |
| Enjoyment motivation (adapted from | ENM1 | I want to know how well I can do in digital entrepreneurship |
| ENM2 | I like to solve problems by myself | |
| ENM3 | The most important thing for me is to enjoy my digital entrepreneurial process | |
| ENM4 | As long as I feel that I have gained a new experience, I will be satisfied regardless of the results of digital entrepreneurship | |
| ENM5 | I am more comfortable when I can set myself goals for digital entrepreneurship | |
| Compensation motivation (adapted from | CPM1 | The income from digital entrepreneurship can motivate me |
| CPM2 | If I participate in a digital business competition, I will realize my goal | |
| CPM3 | I will consider subsidies or bonuses provided by the government or a competition for digital entrepreneurship | |
| CPM4 | I realize that the government provides subsidies for digital entrepreneurship | |
| CPM5 | I care about the rewards for digital entrepreneurship | |
| Outward motivation (adapted from | OWM1 | I believe digital entrepreneurship can be recognized by others |
| OWM2 | I hope other people understand how well I can do in digital entrepreneurship | |
| OWM3 | To me, success means doing better than other people | |
| OWM4 | I think it is meaningless if no one knows how well I’ve done | |
| OWM5 | I’m concerned about how other people are going to react to my ideas | |
| OWM6 | I care more about the sense of accomplishment I can get in this job than about what I do | |
| OWM7 | I’m worried about what others think of my choice of digital entrepreneurship | |
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