Table 2. Characteristics of virtual... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Characteristics of virtual teams identified in the previous studies

Description of virtual teams characteristics	Reference to previous studies
Spread across various time zones	Naik and Kim (2010); Abarca et al. (2020); Piccoli et al. (2004); Snellman (2014); Malhotra et al. (2007); Duarte and Snyder (2006); Pandey et al. (2024)
Motivated by a shared goal (directed by shared purpose)	Kimble (2011); Horwitz et al. (2006); Dulebohn and Hoch (2017); Abarca et al. (2020)
Facilitated by communication technology	Bagga et al. (2023); Nydegger and Nydegger (2010); Cascio (2000); Fan et al. (2014); Walvoord et al. (2008); Maduka et al. (2018); Pandey et al. (2024); McCool and Mitchell (2024)
Engaged in collaboration across boundaries	Cascio and Shurygailo (2003); Abarca et al. (2020); Piccoli et al. (2004); Dulebohn and Hoch (2017); Caputo et al. (2023); Pandey et al. (2024)
It is temporary	Kimble (2011); Piccoli et al. (2004); Gilson et al. (2015); Chen (2008); Chen et al. (2008); Jarvenpaa and Leidner (1999)
The team member is a knowledgeable professional	Piccoli et al. (2004); Saarikko et al. (2020); Ebrahim et al. (2009b); Horwitz et al. (2006); Ratcheva (2008); Handke et al. (2024)
Team members could be affiliated with various organizations	Naik and Kim (2010); Fan et al. (2014); Duarte et al. (2006); McCool and Mitchell (2024)
Flexibility	DeSantis et al. (2004); Dulebohn and Hoch (2017); Caputo et al. (2023); Dixon and Panteli (2010); Ratcheva (2008); Chen (2008)

Description of virtual teams characteristics	Reference to previous studies
Spread across various time zones	Naik and Kim (2010); Abarca et al. (2020); Piccoli et al. (2004); Snellman (2014); Malhotra et al. (2007); Duarte and Snyder (2006); Pandey et al. (2024)
Motivated by a shared goal (directed by shared purpose)	Kimble (2011); Horwitz et al. (2006); Dulebohn and Hoch (2017); Abarca et al. (2020)
Facilitated by communication technology	Bagga et al. (2023); Nydegger and Nydegger (2010); Cascio (2000); Fan et al. (2014); Walvoord et al. (2008); Maduka et al. (2018); Pandey et al. (2024); McCool and Mitchell (2024)
Engaged in collaboration across boundaries	Cascio and Shurygailo (2003); Abarca et al. (2020); Piccoli et al. (2004); Dulebohn and Hoch (2017); Caputo et al. (2023); Pandey et al. (2024)
It is temporary	Kimble (2011); Piccoli et al. (2004); Gilson et al. (2015); Chen (2008); Chen et al. (2008); Jarvenpaa and Leidner (1999)
The team member is a knowledgeable professional	Piccoli et al. (2004); Saarikko et al. (2020); Ebrahim et al. (2009b); Horwitz et al. (2006); Ratcheva (2008); Handke et al. (2024)
Team members could be affiliated with various organizations	Naik and Kim (2010); Fan et al. (2014); Duarte et al. (2006); McCool and Mitchell (2024)
Flexibility	DeSantis et al. (2004); Dulebohn and Hoch (2017); Caputo et al. (2023); Dixon and Panteli (2010); Ratcheva (2008); Chen (2008)

Sources: Authors’ own work and elaboration based on the conducted literature search