Parameters and input data for the LCA and LCC calculations and the building energy simulation
| Materials/Transportation | Quantity | Climate data | Climate data source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Life cycle assessment (LCA) | |||
| Maintenance (scenarios 1 and 2) | |||
| Wood preservative | 20 kg | 1.52 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Primer | 72 kg | 1.90 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Alkyd paint (oil-based) | 144 kg | 1.90 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Sealant | 9 kg | 7.08 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Total transportation (A4) | 2,993 km | 0.001 MJ/kg*km | BM, generic |
| Replacement | |||
| Wooden windows (scenarios 2 and 3:1) | 15,193 kg | 1.4 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Aluminum-clad windows (scenario 3:2) | 16,077 kg | 1.74 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| PVC windows (scenario 3:3) | 15,988 kg | 2.4 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Window casing | 1,160 kg | 0.46 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Insulation | 65 kg | 0.33 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Exterior window sill | 790 kg | 2.59 kgCO2-eq/kg | BM, generic |
| Sealant | 469 kg | 7.08 kgCO2-eq/kg | BM, generic |
| Total transportation (A4) | 5,365 km | 0.001 MJ/kg*km | BM, generic |
| Materials/Transportation | Quantity | Climate data | Climate data source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wood preservative | 20 kg | 1.52 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Primer | 72 kg | 1.90 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Alkyd paint (oil-based) | 144 kg | 1.90 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Sealant | 9 kg | 7.08 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Total transportation (A4) | 2,993 km | 0.001 MJ/kg*km | BM, generic |
| Wooden windows ( | 15,193 kg | 1.4 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Aluminum-clad windows ( | 16,077 kg | 1.74 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| PVC windows ( | 15,988 kg | 2.4 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Window casing | 1,160 kg | 0.46 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Insulation | 65 kg | 0.33 kgCO2-eq/kg | EPD |
| Exterior window sill | 790 kg | 2.59 kgCO2-eq/kg | BM, generic |
| Sealant | 469 kg | 7.08 kgCO2-eq/kg | BM, generic |
| Total transportation (A4) | 5,365 km | 0.001 MJ/kg*km | BM, generic |
| Parameter | Input | Data source |
|---|---|---|
| Life cycle costs (LCC) | ||
| Real discount rate | 4.4% | Housing company |
| Maintenance escalation rate | 1.6% | SFV (2022) |
| District heating escalation rate | 1.5% | SFV (2022) |
| District heating | 31 EUR*/MWh | Housing company |
| Maintenance | 56,446 EUR* | Tender from contractor |
| Replacement wooden windows | 378,272 EUR* | Tender from contractor |
| Replacement aluminum-clad windows | 375,037 EUR* | Tender from contractor |
| Replacement PVC windows | 265,919 EUR* | Tender from contractor |
| Parameter | Input | Data source |
|---|---|---|
| Real discount rate | 4.4% | Housing company |
| Maintenance escalation rate | 1.6% | |
| District heating escalation rate | 1.5% | |
| District heating | 31 EUR*/MWh | Housing company |
| Maintenance | 56,446 EUR* | Tender from contractor |
| Replacement wooden windows | 378,272 EUR* | Tender from contractor |
| Replacement aluminum-clad windows | 375,037 EUR* | Tender from contractor |
| Replacement PVC windows | 265,919 EUR* | Tender from contractor |
| Parameter | Quantity | Data source/Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Building energy simulation | ||
| Indoor temperature | 21 °C | Housing company |
| Ventilation airflow (constant) | 0.665 l/s, m2 | Housing company |
| Heat exchanger efficiency | 67% | Estimated value |
| Internal heat gains from occupants, equipment, lighting and domestic hot water | 42.7 kWh/m2, year | Sveby (2012) and Housing company |
| Window opening (energy loss) | 4.0 kWh/m2, year | Sveby (2012) |
| Original G-value (windows) | 68% | Sveby (2012) |
| New G-value (windows) | 60% | Tender from contractor |
| Total integrated shading (windows) | 50% | Sveby (2012) |
| Climate for Luleå, Sweden 2021 | – | The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute |
| Parameter | Quantity | Data source/Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Indoor temperature | 21 °C | Housing company |
| Ventilation airflow (constant) | 0.665 l/s, m2 | Housing company |
| Heat exchanger efficiency | 67% | Estimated value |
| Internal heat gains from occupants, equipment, lighting and domestic hot water | 42.7 kWh/m2, year | |
| Window opening (energy loss) | 4.0 kWh/m2, year | |
| Original G-value (windows) | 68% | |
| New G-value (windows) | 60% | Tender from contractor |
| Total integrated shading (windows) | 50% | |
| Climate for Luleå, Sweden 2021 | – | The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute |
Note(s): *Converted from Swedish Krona to EUR with the exchange rate 0.094 Swedish Krona/EUR
Specific data for the studied building are marked “Housing company”
Source(s): Table created by authors
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