Indicators for measuring relative rural poverty
| Level 1 indicators | Level 2 indicators | Deprivation thresholds | Corresponding questions on the CFPS questionnaire | Weighting (excluding digitization level dimension) | Weighting (including digitization level dimension) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic level | Household income level | Assign a value of 1 if the total household income is less than 40% of the median, otherwise 0 | QK6A | 1/5 | 1/6 |
| Education level | Educational attainment | The highest level of education of all members of the family is elementary school or illiterate or semi-illiterate is assigned a value of 1, otherwise it is 0 | QC1 | 1/10 | 1/12 |
| Expenditure level on education | Household expenditure on education is assigned a value of 1 if it accounts for more than 50% of consumption expenditure, and 0 otherwise | FH404 | 1/10 | 1/12 | |
| Health level | Health status | Assign a value of 1 if a family member has rated himself/herself as unhealthy, and 0 otherwise | QP3 | 1/15 | 1/18 |
| Basic medical Insurance | Any member of the household who does not have health insurance is assigned a value of 1, otherwise it is 0 | QJ3 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Medical burden | Household health care expenditure is assigned a value of 1 if it is more than 50% of consumption expenditure, and 0 otherwise | FH402 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Living environment | Housing | Assigned a value of 1 if the family has no ownership of the house, and 0 otherwise | FD1 | 1/15 | 1/18 |
| Cooking fuel | Assigns a value of 1 if the cooking fuel is firewood, coal and others, and 0 otherwise | FB2 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Drinking water | Household cooking water that is not tap water, bottled water, purified water or filtered water is assigned a value of 1 (not clean water), otherwise it is 0 | FB1 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Psychological satisfaction level | Satisfaction with life | Any member of the family is very dissatisfied with life assigns a value of 1, otherwise 0 | QM403 | 1/15 | 1/18 |
| Well-being | Any member of the family considers himself/herself to be very unfortunate is assigned a value of 1, otherwise it is 0 | QK802 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Confidence level | Any member of the family who is not confident about the future is assigned a value of 1, otherwise it is 0 | QK803 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Digitization level | Internet usage | No member of the household uses the Internet (computer or cell phone access) assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 | KU2 | 1/6 |
| Level 1 indicators | Level 2 indicators | Deprivation thresholds | Corresponding questions on the CFPS questionnaire | Weighting (excluding digitization level dimension) | Weighting (including digitization level dimension) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic level | Household income level | Assign a value of 1 if the total household income is less than 40% of the median, otherwise 0 | QK6A | 1/5 | 1/6 |
| Education level | Educational attainment | The highest level of education of all members of the family is elementary school or illiterate or semi-illiterate is assigned a value of 1, otherwise it is 0 | QC1 | 1/10 | 1/12 |
| Expenditure level on education | Household expenditure on education is assigned a value of 1 if it accounts for more than 50% of consumption expenditure, and 0 otherwise | FH404 | 1/10 | 1/12 | |
| Health level | Health status | Assign a value of 1 if a family member has rated himself/herself as unhealthy, and 0 otherwise | QP3 | 1/15 | 1/18 |
| Basic medical Insurance | Any member of the household who does not have health insurance is assigned a value of 1, otherwise it is 0 | QJ3 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Medical burden | Household health care expenditure is assigned a value of 1 if it is more than 50% of consumption expenditure, and 0 otherwise | FH402 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Living environment | Housing | Assigned a value of 1 if the family has no ownership of the house, and 0 otherwise | FD1 | 1/15 | 1/18 |
| Cooking fuel | Assigns a value of 1 if the cooking fuel is firewood, coal and others, and 0 otherwise | FB2 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Drinking water | Household cooking water that is not tap water, bottled water, purified water or filtered water is assigned a value of 1 (not clean water), otherwise it is 0 | FB1 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Psychological satisfaction level | Satisfaction with life | Any member of the family is very dissatisfied with life assigns a value of 1, otherwise 0 | QM403 | 1/15 | 1/18 |
| Well-being | Any member of the family considers himself/herself to be very unfortunate is assigned a value of 1, otherwise it is 0 | QK802 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Confidence level | Any member of the family who is not confident about the future is assigned a value of 1, otherwise it is 0 | QK803 | 1/15 | 1/18 | |
| Digitization level | Internet usage | No member of the household uses the Internet (computer or cell phone access) assigned a value of 1, otherwise 0 | KU2 | 1/6 |
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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