Table 1 Parameters and their target SDGs... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Parameters and their target SDGs

Parameter	Relevant SDG(s)	Specific SDG goals and targets	References
Commercial land areas owned by multinational corporations (MNCs) or individuals for residential development significantly contribute to understanding how land acquisitions and exploitation negatively impact agriculture	SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities	Target 11.3: Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization	Bastan et al. (2017)
	SDG 15: Life on Land	Target 15.3: Combat desertification and restore degraded land	Bastan et al. (2017)
Farming turnover explains the economic value of harvest based on the profit generated. It is influenced by the total area of land used for rice cultivation and the efficiency of farming practices	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.3: Double agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale farmers	Jifroudi et al. (2020), Khandelwal et al. (2021)
	SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth	Target 8.2: Promote high levels of economic productivity	Jifroudi et al. (2020), Khandelwal et al. (2021)
Demand and affordability greatly impact agricultural land availability. As demand influences land prices, this parameter is crucial for analyzing its effect	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.3: Secure land availability for sustainable food production	Khandelwal et al. (2021)
	SDG 15: Life on Land	Target 15.3: Restore degraded land and achieve land degradation neutrality	Khandelwal et al. (2021)
Affordability and the cost of acquiring land required for cultivation are key factors in determining agricultural output. Higher costs per hectare result in reduced land being used for farming	SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth	Target 8.10: Enhance access to financial services	Bastan et al. (2017), Khandelwal et al. (2021)
	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.3: Increase in agricultural incomes by improving affordability
	SDG 1: No Poverty	Target 1.4: Equal access to resources like land
The per capita consumption of water affects its availability for farming. An increase in the former reduces the latter proportionately. Population growth determines water consumption and demand for residential or commercial lands	SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation	Target 6.4: Substantially increase water-use efficiency
	SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production	Target 12.2: Sustainable management of natural resources
Agricultural resources are limited due to the growing demands of an expanding population. The efficiency of any SC is dependent on two main factors: production rate and overall profit. Researchers have become interested in these factors and have analyzed them using various tools and simulation methods	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.1: End hunger and ensure food access	Food and Agricultural Organisation (2017)
	SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities	Target 11.3: Manage urbanization to reduce resource strain	Food and Agricultural Organisation (2017)
Rainfall is a critical factor impacting agricultural activities in countries like India, where approximately 60% of farmland relies on monsoon rains	SDG 13: Climate Action	Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience to climate-related hazards	Zhao et al. (2024)
	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.4: Ensure resilient agricultural practices that improve yield	Zhao et al. (2024)
Water usage is primarily concentrated in agriculture and industry. Maintaining a balance between these two areas is crucial to avoid shortages, making this an essential factor in analyzing agricultural SC’s	SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation	Target 6.4: Increase water-use efficiency and sustainability	Kafi et al. (2023)
	SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production	Target 12.4: Sustainable water resource management to prevent shortages	Kafi et al. (2023)

Parameter	Relevant SDG(s)	Specific SDG goals and targets	References
Commercial land areas owned by multinational corporations (MNCs) or individuals for residential development significantly contribute to understanding how land acquisitions and exploitation negatively impact agriculture	SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities	Target 11.3: Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization	Bastan et al. (2017)
	SDG 15: Life on Land	Target 15.3: Combat desertification and restore degraded land	Bastan et al. (2017)
Farming turnover explains the economic value of harvest based on the profit generated. It is influenced by the total area of land used for rice cultivation and the efficiency of farming practices	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.3: Double agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale farmers	Jifroudi et al. (2020), Khandelwal et al. (2021)
	SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth	Target 8.2: Promote high levels of economic productivity	Jifroudi et al. (2020), Khandelwal et al. (2021)
Demand and affordability greatly impact agricultural land availability. As demand influences land prices, this parameter is crucial for analyzing its effect	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.3: Secure land availability for sustainable food production	Khandelwal et al. (2021)
	SDG 15: Life on Land	Target 15.3: Restore degraded land and achieve land degradation neutrality	Khandelwal et al. (2021)
Affordability and the cost of acquiring land required for cultivation are key factors in determining agricultural output. Higher costs per hectare result in reduced land being used for farming	SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth	Target 8.10: Enhance access to financial services	Bastan et al. (2017), Khandelwal et al. (2021)
	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.3: Increase in agricultural incomes by improving affordability
	SDG 1: No Poverty	Target 1.4: Equal access to resources like land
The per capita consumption of water affects its availability for farming. An increase in the former reduces the latter proportionately. Population growth determines water consumption and demand for residential or commercial lands	SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation	Target 6.4: Substantially increase water-use efficiency
	SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production	Target 12.2: Sustainable management of natural resources
Agricultural resources are limited due to the growing demands of an expanding population. The efficiency of any SC is dependent on two main factors: production rate and overall profit. Researchers have become interested in these factors and have analyzed them using various tools and simulation methods	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.1: End hunger and ensure food access	Food and Agricultural Organisation (2017)
	SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities	Target 11.3: Manage urbanization to reduce resource strain	Food and Agricultural Organisation (2017)
Rainfall is a critical factor impacting agricultural activities in countries like India, where approximately 60% of farmland relies on monsoon rains	SDG 13: Climate Action	Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience to climate-related hazards	Zhao et al. (2024)
	SDG 2: Zero Hunger	Target 2.4: Ensure resilient agricultural practices that improve yield	Zhao et al. (2024)
Water usage is primarily concentrated in agriculture and industry. Maintaining a balance between these two areas is crucial to avoid shortages, making this an essential factor in analyzing agricultural SC’s	SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation	Target 6.4: Increase water-use efficiency and sustainability	Kafi et al. (2023)
	SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production	Target 12.4: Sustainable water resource management to prevent shortages	Kafi et al. (2023)

Source(s): Authors’ own work