Table 3

Forms of power and their impact on implementation of PPP project

Forms of powerModes in which power operatedEffects of power on routinized ways of project delivery
Royal OrderSystem and social integration

  1. Provided political legitimacy and urgency of delivering project through PPP.

  2. Enforced responsiveness and adherence of all concerned actors and organizations in project implementation

Decree from Supreme Economic CouncilSystem integrationExempted PPP project from regulatory controls of GPTL and allowed use of BTO agreement
Decree from Council of MinistersSystem integrationRemoved bureaucratic and administrative barriers blocking PPP project
Financial guarantees from Ministry of FinanceSystem integrationMade project bankable and increased trust of lenders and investors
Support from Ministry of DefenseSystem integration /episodicRepresented royal influence and power of Minister of Defense and provided letters of support whenever needed
Administrative Ruler of MedinaSystem integration/ episodicIssued orders to facilitate administrative work required for project implementation
Executive powers of Steering CommitteeSystem integration/episodic

  1. Oversaw day-to-day requirements of project

  2. Removed regulatory and bureaucratic obstacles facing project by issuing exceptions to them

GACA’s presidentEpisodic

  1. Streamlined internal decision-making processes

  2. Endorsed private sector’s requests to government entities

Power of project championEpisodic

  1. Decentralized bureaucratic pressures, with power to act autonomously

  2. Led entire project implementation process from start till end

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