Table 1

Labour-related factors affecting construction productivity - mapping with other past studies from different contexts of some developing countries

CodeFactorsPast studies from different countries
EgyptIndiaIndonesiaIranNigeriaPalestineSouth AfricaSri LankaTrinidad and Tobago TurkeyTurkmenistanVietnamZimbabwe
L1Lack of working experienceXX XXX XXXXXX
L2Poor education background X    XX     
L3Lack of knowledge in construction works X    XX     
L4Poor ability of reading, understanding, speaking and writing X    XX    X
L5Lack of thinking abilities X   XXXX    
L6Physical ability and fatigue XXX       X 
L7Health problems X           
L8Use of alcohol and drugs XX          
L9Lack of labour morale/commitment X  X        
L10Labour discipline XX   X    X 
L11Ageing workforce X  X X  X   
L12Psychological problems X       X   
L13Economic problems X    X  X   
L14Personal problems X           
L15Communication problems  X    X     
L16Misunderstanding with other workers X   X       
L17Skill shortageXXXXX  XX   X
L18Mixture of three levels (skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled)XX XX  X     
L19Late arrival, early quit and frequent unscheduled breaks        X    
L20Unnecessary talksX            
L21Work overload X           
L22Work dissatisfaction X XX  X     
L23Inability to understand drawings       X     
L24Inability to adapt to changes in new environments       X     
L25Improper material handling       X     
L26Poor equipment/tool handling       X     
L27Changing nature of career expectation XX          
L28Skill drain/emigration       X     
L29Less job interest due to family and society X X   X     
L30Other ways of earning money         X XX
L31Labour absenteeismXXX          
L32Labour strikes  X          

Source(s): Egypt (Shehata and El-Gohary, 2011; Nourhane et al., 2018), India (Dharani, 2015; Ghate and Minde, 2016; Saurav et al., 2017; Mistri et al., 2019; Murari and Joshi, 2019; Agrawal and Halder, 2020), Indonesia (Soekiman et al., 2011; Adi and Ni’am, 2012), Iran (Ghoddousi et al., 2015; Shahab and Audrius, 2018), Nigeria (Zannah et al., 2017; Onyekachi, 2018), Palestine (Mahamid, 2013), South Africa (Windapo, 2016; Oke et al., 2018; Orando and Isabirye, 2018), Sri Lanka (Widanagamachchi, 2013; Halwatura, 2015; Kesavan et al., 2015; Fernando et al., 2016; TVEC, 2017; Silva et al., 2018; Manoharan et al., 2020), Trinidad and Tobago (Hickson and Ellis, 2013), Turkey (Kaya et al., 2014; Kazaz et al., 2016), Turkmenistan (Durdyev et al., 2013), Vietnam (Dinh and Nguyen, 2019) and Zimbabwe (Chigara and Moyo, 2014)

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